Enactment amendment

Adopted at the 17th meeting of the 10th the NPC Standing Committee on August 28th, 2005, promulgated by Decree No.38 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on August 28th, 2005, and effective as of March 1st, 2006; According to the 29th meeting of the 11th the NPC Standing Committee on October 26th, 2012, promulgated by Decree No.67 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on October 26th, 2012, and implemented since January 1st, 2013, the Decision of the NPC Standing Committee on Amending the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Public Security Administration Punishment; Adopted by the 29th meeting of the 11th the NPC Standing Committee of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on October 26th, 2012, and shall come into force on January 1st, 2013.

Legal content

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1 This Law is formulated for the purpose of maintaining public order, ensuring public safety, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, and standardizing and ensuring that public security organs and their people’s police perform their duties of public security administration according to law.

Article 2 Whoever disturbs public order, impairs public safety, infringes upon personal rights and property rights, impairs social management and is socially harmful and constitutes a crime in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; If it is not serious enough for criminal punishment, the public security organ shall impose administrative penalties for public security in accordance with this law.

Article 3 The provisions of this Law shall apply to the procedures of administrative penalties for public security; Where there are no provisions in this law, the relevant provisions of the Administrative Punishment Law of the People’s Republic of China shall apply.

Article 4 This Law shall apply to acts that violate the administration of public security within the territory of People’s Republic of China (PRC), except as otherwise provided by law.

Unless otherwise specified by law, this Law shall apply to acts that violate the administration of public security on ships and aircraft in People’s Republic of China (PRC).

Fifth public security management punishment must be based on facts, and the nature, circumstances and social harm of violations of public security management are equivalent.

The implementation of public security management punishment should be open and fair, respect and protect human rights, and protect the personal dignity of citizens.

Handling public security cases should adhere to the principle of combining education with punishment.

Article 6 People’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the comprehensive management of social security and take effective measures to resolve social contradictions, enhance social harmony and maintain social stability.

Article 7 The public security department of the State Council is responsible for the administration of public security throughout the country. The public security organs of local people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the administration of public security within their respective administrative areas.

The jurisdiction of public security cases shall be stipulated by the public security department of the State Council.

Article 8 If an act violating the administration of public security causes damage to others, the actor or his guardian shall bear civil liability according to law.

Article 9 The public security organ may mediate and handle minor acts that violate the administration of public security, such as fighting or damaging other people’s property caused by civil disputes. If the parties reach an agreement through mediation by the public security organ, they will not be punished. If the mediation fails to reach an agreement or fails to perform after reaching an agreement, the public security organ shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Law, punish the violator of public security administration and inform the parties concerned that they can bring a civil lawsuit to the people’s court in accordance with the law.

Chapter II Types and Application of Punishment

Tenth types of public security management punishment are divided into:

(1) warning;

(2) a fine;

(3) Administrative detention;

(4) Revoking the license issued by the public security organ.

Foreigners who violate the administration of public security may be additionally applied to leave the country within a time limit or be deported.

Article 11 contraband such as drugs and obscene articles, gambling paraphernalia, paraphernalia for taking or injecting drugs, and my own tools directly used to commit acts violating the administration of public security seized in handling public security cases shall be confiscated and dealt with according to regulations.

Property obtained in violation of public security administration shall be recovered and returned to the infringed person; If there are no infringers, they shall be registered, auctioned in public or disposed of in accordance with relevant state regulations, and the proceeds shall be turned over to the state treasury.

Twelfth people over the age of 14 but under the age of 18 who violate the administration of public security shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment; Persons under the age of 14 who violate the administration of public security shall not be punished, but their guardians shall be ordered to strictly discipline them.

Thirteenth mental patients who violate the administration of public security when they can’t identify or control their own behavior shall not be punished, but their guardians shall be ordered to strictly guard and treat them. Intermittent mental patients who violate the administration of public security when they are mentally normal shall be punished.

Fourteenth blind or deaf and dumb people who violate the administration of public security may be given a lighter, mitigated or not punished.

Fifteenth drunken people who violate the administration of public security shall be punished.

If a drunken person is in danger to himself or threatens the personal, property or public safety of others, protective measures should be taken to restrain him until he wakes up.

Sixteenth there are two or more violations of public security management, decided separately, combined execution. If the punishment of administrative detention is combined, the longest time shall not exceed 20 days.

Seventeenth joint violations of public security management, according to the role of the violator in the violation of public security management, were punished.

Those who instigate, coerce or trick others into violating the administration of public security shall be punished according to their acts of instigation, coercion or deception.

Article 18 If a unit violates the administration of public security, the person directly in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of this Law. If other laws and administrative regulations provide for the punishment of the same act, the punishment shall be in accordance with its provisions.

Nineteenth violation of public security management in any of the following circumstances, mitigated punishment or no punishment:

(a) the circumstances are particularly minor;

(two) take the initiative to eliminate or mitigate the illegal consequences, and obtain the understanding of the infringed;

(3) Being coerced or deceived by others;

(four) voluntarily surrender, truthfully state their illegal acts to the public security organs;

(5) Having rendered meritorious service.

Twentieth violation of public security management in any of the following circumstances, shall be given a heavier punishment:

(1) Having serious consequences;

(2) instigating, coercing or tricking others into violating the administration of public security;

(three) to take revenge on informants, accusers, informants and witnesses;

(4) Having been punished by public security administration within 6 months.

Article 21 If an offender who violates the administration of public security is under any of the following circumstances and should be given administrative detention punishment according to this Law, the administrative detention punishment shall not be executed:

(a) has reached the age of 14 but under the age of 16;

(2) Having reached the age of 16 but under the age of 18, violating the administration of public security for the first time;

(three) more than 70 years old;

(four) pregnant or nursing their own baby under one year old.

Twenty-second violations of public security management have not been discovered by the public security organs within 6 months, and will not be punished.

The time limit prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be counted from the date of the violation of public security administration; If the violation of public security management has a continuous or continuous state, it shall be counted from the date of the end of the act.

Chapter III Acts and Penalties for Violation of Public Security Administration

Section 1 Acts and penalties for disturbing public order

Twenty-third one of the following acts, a warning or a fine of 200 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(1) Disrupting the order of organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions, resulting in work, production, business, medical treatment, teaching and scientific research not being carried out normally, but causing no serious losses;

(2) disturbing the order of stations, ports, docks, airports, shopping malls, parks, exhibition halls or other public places;

(3) disturbing the order on buses, trams, trains, ships, aircraft or other public transport;

(four) illegal interception or forced boarding, boarding motor vehicles, ships, aircraft and other means of transport, affecting the normal running of vehicles;

(5) Disrupting the election order conducted according to law.

Whoever gathers people to commit the acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined up to 1000 yuan.

Twenty-fourth any of the following acts, disrupting the order of large-scale mass activities such as culture and sports, shall be given a warning or a fine of not more than 200 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(a) forced to enter the venue;

(two) in violation of regulations, setting off fireworks or other items in the venue;

(three) display insulting slogans, banners and other items;

(4) Besieging referees, athletes or other staff members;

(five) throwing debris into the venue, not listening to stop;

(six) other acts that disrupt the order of large-scale mass activities.

Those who are punished by detention for disturbing the order of sports competitions may also be ordered not to enter sports venues to watch similar competitions within 12 months; Those who enter sports venues in violation of regulations are forcibly taken away from the scene.

Twenty-fifth anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined up to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(a) spreading rumors, lying about dangerous situations, epidemic situations, police situations or deliberately disturbing public order by other means;

(2) Disrupting public order by throwing false explosive, toxic, radioactive and corrosive substances or infectious disease pathogens;

(3) Threatening to set fire, explode or throw dangerous substances to disturb public order.

Twenty-sixth one of the following acts, shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may be fined up to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined in 1000 yuan:

(a) gang fights;

(2) Chasing or intercepting others;

(three) extort or arbitrarily damage or occupy public or private property;

(four) other acts of provocation.

Twenty-seventh anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined up to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are relatively minor, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined in 500 yuan:

(1) Organizing, instigating, coercing, cajoling or inciting others to engage in cult, cult or superstitious activities, disrupting social order and harming others’ health;

(two) using religion or qigong to disrupt social order and harm the health of others.

Article 28 Whoever, in violation of state regulations, intentionally interferes with the normal operation of radio services, or causes harmful interference to radio stations (stations) operating normally, refuses to take effective measures to eliminate them after being pointed out by the relevant competent departments, shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days.

Twenty-ninth anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for less than 5 days; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days:

(a) in violation of state regulations, intrusion into the computer information system, causing harm;

(two) in violation of state regulations, delete, modify, increase or interfere with the functions of the computer information system, resulting in the computer information system can not operate normally;

(three) in violation of state regulations, the data and applications stored, processed and transmitted in the computer information system are deleted, modified or added;

(four) deliberately making and spreading destructive programs such as computer viruses, which affect the normal operation of computer information systems.

Section 2 Acts and Penalties for Disrupting Public Security

Article 30 Whoever, in violation of state regulations, manufactures, trades, stores, transports, mails, carries, uses, provides or disposes of explosive, toxic, radioactive and corrosive substances or infectious disease pathogens shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days.

Thirty-first explosive, toxic, radioactive, corrosive substances or infectious disease pathogens and other dangerous substances are stolen, robbed or lost, and they are not reported as required, and they are detained for up to five days; Those who deliberately conceal and fail to report shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days.

Article 32 Whoever illegally carries guns, ammunition, crossbows, daggers and other control devices prescribed by the state shall be detained for not more than five days and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, a warning or a fine of less than 200 yuan shall be imposed.

Whoever illegally carries guns, ammunition, crossbows, daggers and other state-regulated control devices into public places or public transport shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan.

Article 33 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days:

(a) theft, damage to oil and gas pipeline facilities, power telecommunications facilities, radio and television facilities, water conservancy and flood control engineering facilities or public facilities such as hydrological monitoring, measurement, meteorological forecasting, environmental monitoring, geological monitoring and earthquake monitoring;

(2) moving or damaging boundary markers, boundary markers and other border signs, border facilities or territorial and territorial sea mark facilities on the national border;

(three) illegal activities that affect the direction of the national (frontier) boundary or the construction of facilities that hinder the management of the national (frontier) territory.

Article 34 Whoever steals, damages or moves aviation facilities in use without authorization or forcibly enters the cockpit of an aircraft shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days.

Those who use instruments and tools that may affect the normal function of the navigation system on the aircraft in use and do not listen to dissuasion shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 35 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(a) theft, damage or unauthorized movement of railway facilities, equipment, locomotive and rolling stock parts or safety signs;

(two) placing obstacles on the railway line, or deliberately throwing objects at the train;

(three) digging holes and quarrying sand in railway lines, bridges and culverts;

(4) setting up crossings or level crossings privately on railway lines.

Thirty-sixth unauthorized access to the railway protection network or the train comes to walk on the railway line, sit and lie down, grab the railway, affecting traffic safety, be warned or fined up to 200 yuan.

Article 37 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not more than 5 days or fined for not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(a) without approval, the installation and use of power grid, or the installation and use of power grid does not meet the safety requirements;

(two) in the construction of vehicles and pedestrians, there is no cover, fence and warning signs for ditches, wells and caves, or the cover, fence and warning signs are intentionally damaged or moved;

(three) theft, damage to road manhole covers, lighting and other public facilities.

Thirty-eighth large-scale mass activities such as culture and sports, in violation of relevant regulations, are in danger of safety accidents, and shall be ordered to stop activities and evacuate immediately; The organizer shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 39 Management personnel of hotels, restaurants, theaters, amusement parks, sports grounds, exhibition halls or other places for public activities who violate safety regulations and cause the place to be in danger of safety accidents shall be detained for not more than five days after being ordered by the public security organ to make corrections.

Section 3 Acts and Penalties for Infringement of Personal and Property Rights

Fortieth whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are relatively minor, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan:

(1) Organizing, coercing or tricking people under the age of 16 or disabled people into performing horrible and cruel performances;

(2) forcing others to work by violence, threat or other means;

(3) Illegally restricting the personal freedom of others, illegally invading other people’s houses or illegally searching other people’s bodies.

Article 41 Whoever coerces, lures or uses others to beg shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may also be fined not more than 1000 yuan.

Those who repeatedly pester, forcibly beg or beg in other ways that disturb others shall be detained for up to 5 days or given a warning.

Article 42 Anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not more than 5 days or fined for not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(1) writing threatening letters or threatening the personal safety of others by other means;

(2) publicly insulting others or fabricating facts to slander others;

(3) fabricating facts, falsely accusing and framing others, and attempting to subject others to criminal investigation or punishment by public security administration;

(4) Threatening, insulting, beating or retaliating against witnesses and their close relatives;

(5) sending obscene, insulting, intimidating or other information for many times to interfere with the normal life of others;

(six) voyeurism, sneak shots, eavesdropping, spreading the privacy of others.

Article 43 Whoever beats another person, or intentionally hurts another person’s body, shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Under any of the following circumstances, he shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan:

(a) gang beating, hurting others;

(2) Beating or injuring a disabled person, a pregnant woman, a person under the age of 14 or a person over the age of 60;

(3) Beating or injuring others for many times or beating or injuring more than one person at a time.

Article 44 Whoever molests others, or intentionally exposes his body in public places, if the circumstances are bad, shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days; Whoever molests mentally disabled persons, mental patients, people under the age of 14 or has other serious circumstances shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days.

Article 45 Anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not more than five days or given a warning:

(1) maltreating a family member, and the abused person requests to deal with it;

(2) Abandoning a dependant who has no ability to live independently.

Article 46 Whoever buys or sells goods by force or forces others to provide services or force others to accept services shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall also be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 47 Whoever incites ethnic hatred or discrimination, or publishes ethnic discrimination or insults in publications or computer information networks shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may also be fined not more than 1000 yuan.

Article 48 Whoever impersonates, conceals, destroys, opens or illegally checks other people’s mail without permission shall be detained for not more than five days or fined for not more than 500 yuan.

Article 49 Whoever steals, swindles, plunders, robs, extorts or intentionally damages public or private property shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined less than 1000 yuan.

Section 4 Acts and Penalties for Obstruction of Social Management

Fiftieth one of the following acts, a warning or a fine of 200 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(a) refusing to implement the decisions and orders issued by the people’s government in accordance with the law in case of emergency;

(two) hinder the staff of state organs to perform their duties according to law;

(3) Obstructing the passage of vehicles such as fire engines, ambulances, engineering rescue vehicles and police cars performing emergency tasks;

(four) forcibly breaking into the warning tape and the warning zone set up by the public security organs.

Whoever obstructs the people’s police from performing their duties according to law shall be given a heavier punishment.

Article 51 Whoever pretends to be a functionary of a state organ or swindles and swindles with other false identities shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Whoever impersonates military and police personnel to swindle and swindle shall be given a heavier punishment.

Article 52 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined up to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are relatively minor, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined in 500 yuan:

(1) Forging, altering or buying or selling official documents, certificates, certification documents and seals of state organs, people’s organizations, enterprises, institutions or other organizations;

(2) buying, selling or using forged or altered official documents, certificates and supporting documents of state organs, people’s organizations, enterprises, institutions or other organizations;

(3) Forging, altering or reselling tickets, boat tickets, air tickets, tickets for theatrical performances, tickets for sports competitions or other valuable tickets and vouchers;

(4) Forging or altering a ship’s registration plate, buying, selling or using a forged or altered ship’s registration plate, or altering a ship’s engine number.

Article 53 Where a ship enters or stops in waters or islands prohibited or restricted by the state without authorization, the person in charge of the ship and the relevant responsible personnel shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for less than 5 days and fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan.

Article 54 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(a) in violation of state regulations, without registration, in the name of social organizations, but still carry out activities after being banned;

(2) A social organization whose registration has been revoked according to law still conducts activities in the name of a social organization;

(three) without permission, operating an industry that requires the permission of the public security organ in accordance with state regulations.

Any act mentioned in the third paragraph shall be banned.

If an operator who has obtained the license from the public security organ violates the relevant state regulations and the circumstances are serious, the public security organ may revoke the license.

Article 55 Whoever incites or plans an illegal assembly, procession or demonstration and does not listen to dissuasion shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days.

Article 56 Hotel workers who fail to register the names, types and numbers of identity documents of the staying passengers as required, or who knowingly bring dangerous substances into the hotel and fail to stop them, shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.

Staff in the hotel industry who know that the passengers staying are criminal suspects or wanted by the public security organs and do not report to the public security organs shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be detained for less than 5 days and may be fined less than 500 yuan.

Article 57 Where a lessor rents a house to a person without identity documents, or fails to register the lessee’s name, type and number of identity documents as required, he shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.

If the lessor of the house knows that the lessee uses the leased house for criminal activities and fails to report to the public security organ, he shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be detained for less than 5 days and may be fined less than 500 yuan.

Fifty-eighth in violation of the laws and regulations on the prevention and control of noise pollution in social life, making noise to interfere with the normal life of others, be warned; Those who do not make corrections after warning shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.

Fifty-ninth one of the following acts, a fine of more than 500 yuan and less than 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan:

(1) The pawnbroker fails to check the relevant certificates, fails to perform the registration procedures, or fails to report to the public security organ knowing that it is a criminal suspect or stolen goods;

(two) in violation of state regulations, the acquisition of railways, oil fields, power supply, telecommunications, mines, water conservancy, surveying and urban public facilities and other waste special equipment;

(3) purchasing stolen goods or articles suspected of stolen goods notified by public security organs for investigation;

(four) the acquisition of other items prohibited by the state.

Article 60 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan:

(1) Hiding, transferring, selling off or damaging the property seized, sealed up or frozen by administrative law enforcement organs according to law;

(two) forgery, concealment, destruction of evidence or providing false testimony, lying about the case, affecting the administrative law enforcement organs in handling cases according to law;

(3) Concealing, transferring or selling on behalf of others knowing that it is stolen goods;

(4) A criminal who is under public surveillance according to law, deprived of political rights, on probation or temporarily serving his sentence outside prison, or a person who is subject to criminal compulsory measures according to law, has violated laws, administrative regulations or the supervision and management regulations of the relevant departments of the State Council.

Article 61 Whoever assists in organizing or transporting others to cross the country (border) illegally shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and shall also be fined not less than 5,000 yuan in 1000 yuan.

Article 62 Whoever provides conditions for people who cross the country (border) illegally shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and shall also be fined not less than 2,000 yuan in 500 yuan.

Those who illegally cross the country (border) shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Sixty-third one of the following acts, a warning or a fine of 200 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan:

(1) Delineating, smearing or otherwise intentionally damaging cultural relics and places of interest under state protection;

(two) in violation of state regulations, blasting, excavation and other activities in the vicinity of cultural relics protection units, endangering the safety of cultural relics.

Article 64 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan:

(a) stealing another person’s motor vehicle;

(2) Driving or stealing another person’s aircraft or motor ship without a driver’s license.

Article 65 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined for 1000 yuan:

(1) Deliberately destroying or defacing the graves of others or destroying or discarding the bones and ashes of others;

(2) Parking a corpse in a public place or refusing to listen to dissuasion because parking a corpse affects the normal life and work order of others.

Article 66 Whoever engages in prostitution or whoring shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may also be fined not more than 5,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Whoever soliciting prostitutes in public places shall be detained for not more than five days or fined for not more than 500 yuan.

Article 67 Whoever lures, shelters or introduces others to prostitution shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may be fined not more than 5,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 68 Whoever makes, transports, copies, sells or rents obscene books, periodicals, pictures, films, audio-visual products and other obscene articles or uses computer information networks, telephones and other communication tools to disseminate obscene information shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may also be fined not more than 3,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 69 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan:

(1) Organizing the broadcasting of obscene audio and video;

(2) Organizing or performing obscene performances;

(three) to participate in the activities of gathering people for fornication.

Whoever knowingly provides conditions for others to engage in the activities mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 70 Whoever, for the purpose of making profits, provides conditions for gambling, or participates in gambling with a large amount of money, shall be detained for not more than 5 days or fined for not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined more than 3,000 yuan in 500 yuan.

Article 71 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may be fined not more than 3,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(1) Illegally planting less than 500 opium poppies or a small amount of other original drugs;

(2) illegally buying, selling, transporting, carrying or holding a small amount of seeds or seedlings of narcotic plants such as opium poppy that have not been inactivated;

(3) illegally transporting, trading, storing or using a small amount of poppy shells.

Whoever commits the act mentioned in the preceding paragraph and eradicates himself before maturity shall not be punished.

Article 72 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may be fined up to 2,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(a) illegal possession of opium less than 200 grams, heroin or methamphetamine less than 10 grams or other small amounts of drugs;

(2) Providing drugs to others;

(3) taking or injecting drugs;

(4) coercing or deceiving medical personnel to prescribe narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs.

Article 73 Whoever instigates, lures or deceives others to take or inject drugs shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall also be fined more than 2,000 yuan in 500 yuan.

Article 74 Personnel in hotels, catering services, cultural and entertainment industries, taxi industry and other units who tip off the criminals when the public security organs investigate and deal with drug abuse, gambling, prostitution and whoring activities shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days.

Article 75 Anyone who raises animals and interferes with the normal life of others shall be given a warning; Those who do not correct after warning, or allow animals to intimidate others, shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.

Whoever drives animals to harm others shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 43 of this Law.

Article 76 Whoever commits any of the acts mentioned in Articles 67, 68 and 70 of this Law and refuses to mend his ways after repeated education may take compulsory education measures in accordance with the provisions of the state.

Chapter IV Punishment Procedure

Section 1 Investigation

Article 77 The public security organ shall promptly accept and register cases of violation of public security management referred by other administrative departments and judicial organs for those who report, accuse, report or violate public security management.

Article 78 After accepting a report, complaint, report or surrender, the public security organ shall immediately investigate if it considers that it is a violation of public security administration; If it is considered that it is not a violation of public security administration, it shall inform the informant, accuser, informant and surrender, and explain the reasons.

Article 79 Public security organs and their people’s police shall investigate public security cases according to law. It is strictly forbidden to extort confessions by torture or collect evidence by threats, enticements, deception and other illegal means.

Evidence collected by illegal means shall not be used as the basis for punishment.

Article 80 When handling public security cases, public security organs and their people’s policemen shall keep confidential the state secrets, business secrets or personal privacy involved.

Eighty-first people’s police in the process of handling public security cases, in any of the following circumstances, should be avoided; The violator of public security administration, the infringed person or his legal representative also have the right to ask them to withdraw:

(a) is a party to the case or a close relative of the party;

(2) He or his close relatives have an interest in the case;

(3) Having other relations with the parties to the case, which may affect the fair handling of the case.

The withdrawal of the people’s police shall be decided by the public security organ to which it belongs; The withdrawal of the person in charge of the public security organ shall be decided by the public security organ at the next higher level.

Article 82 If it is necessary to summon a person who violates the administration of public security for investigation, he shall be summoned with a summons card with the approval of the person in charge of the case-handling department of the public security organ. The people’s police may summon the violator of public security management found on the spot orally after producing their work certificates, but it shall be indicated in the inquiry record.

The public security organ shall inform the summoned person of the reasons and basis for the summons. A person who refuses to accept a summons or evades it without justifiable reasons may be summoned by force.

Article 83 After being summoned, the public security organ shall promptly inquire and verify the person who violates the administration of public security, and the time for inquiry and verification shall not exceed 8 hours. If the situation is complicated and administrative detention punishment may be applied according to the provisions of this law, the time for inquiry and verification shall not exceed 24 hours.

The public security organ shall promptly notify the family members of the summoned person of the reasons and places for summoning.

Article 84 The record of inquiry shall be submitted to the person being questioned for verification; Those who are unable to read should be read out to them. If there are omissions or errors in the records, the person questioned may make additions or corrections. After the person questioned confirms that the transcript is correct, he shall sign or seal it, and the people’s police who inquire shall also sign the transcript.

If the person being questioned requests to provide written materials on the matters being questioned, it shall be allowed; When necessary, the people’s police may also ask the person being questioned to write by himself.

When inquiring about an offender under the age of 16 who violates the administration of public security, he shall notify his parents or other guardians to be present.

Article 85 The people’s police may ask the infringed person or other witnesses at their unit or residence. When necessary, they may also be notified to give testimony to the public security organs.

When the people’s police question the infringed person or other witnesses outside the public security organ, they shall produce their work certificates.

The provisions of Article 84 of this Law shall also apply to the questioning of the infringed person or other witnesses.

Article 86 When inquiring about the deaf-mute violator of public security administration, the victim or other witnesses, a person who knows sign language should provide assistance and make a note on the record.

When questioning the violator of public security administration, the victim or other witnesses who are not familiar with the spoken and written language commonly used in the local area, translators shall be provided and noted in the transcript.

Article 87 Public security organs may inspect places, articles and persons related to acts violating the administration of public security. At the time of inspection, the people’s police shall not be less than 2 people, and shall produce their work certificates and inspection certificates issued by the public security organs of the people’s governments at or above the county level. If it is really necessary to conduct an immediate inspection, the people’s police may conduct an on-the-spot inspection after presenting their work certificates, but the inspection certificate issued by the public security organ of the people’s government at or above the county level shall be presented when inspecting a citizen’s residence.

Physical examination of women should be carried out by female staff.

Eighty-eighth inspection records shall be made, which shall be signed or sealed by the inspector, the inspected and the witness; If the inspected refuses to sign, the people’s police shall indicate it on the record.

Article 89 When handling a public security case, the public security organ may seize the articles related to the case that need to be used as evidence; Property legally possessed by the infringed or a bona fide third party shall not be seized and shall be registered. Articles irrelevant to the case shall not be seized.

The seized articles shall be checked clearly together with the witnesses present and the holders of the seized articles, and a list shall be made in duplicate on the spot, signed or sealed by the investigators, witnesses and holders, one for the holder and the other for future reference.

The seized articles shall be properly kept and shall not be used for other purposes; Articles that are not suitable for long-term preservation shall be handled in accordance with relevant regulations. If it is found that it has nothing to do with the case, it shall be returned in time; If it is verified to be the lawful property of others, it shall be returned immediately after registration; If no one claims the property for six months or the obligee cannot be identified, it shall be auctioned publicly or handled in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, and the proceeds shall be turned over to the state treasury.

Article 90 In order to find out the facts of the case, if it is necessary to solve the controversial special problems in the case, a person with specialized knowledge shall be appointed or hired for appraisal; After appraisal, the appraiser shall write an appraisal opinion and sign it.

Section II Decisions

Article 91 The punishment for public security administration shall be decided by the public security organ of the people’s government at or above the county level; Among them, the warning and the fine below 500 yuan can be decided by the police station.

Article 92 For those who decide to impose administrative detention, the time when compulsory measures have been taken to restrict personal freedom before the punishment shall be credited. One day’s restriction of personal freedom will be reduced to one day’s administrative detention.

Article 93 When investigating a public security case, the public security organ may make a decision on administrative penalties for public security if there is no personal statement but other evidence can prove the facts of the case. However, if there is no other evidence to prove it, a decision on administrative penalties for public security cannot be made.

Article 94 Before making a decision on administrative penalties for public security, the public security organ shall inform the violator of administrative penalties for public security of the facts, reasons and basis, and inform the violator of their rights according to law.

Those who violate the administration of public security have the right to state and defend themselves. The public security organ must fully listen to the opinions of those who violate the administration of public security, and review the facts, reasons and evidence put forward by those who violate the administration of public security; If the facts, reasons or evidence put forward by the violator of public security administration are established, the public security organ shall adopt them.

The public security organ shall not increase the punishment because of the statements and defenses of the violators of public security administration.

Ninety-fifth after the investigation of public security cases, the public security organs shall make the following treatments according to different situations:

(a) there are indeed illegal acts that should be given administrative penalties for public security according to law, and a decision on punishment shall be made according to the seriousness and specific circumstances;

(two) no punishment according to law, or the illegal facts can not be established, make a decision not to punish;

(three) if the illegal act has been suspected of committing a crime, it shall be transferred to the competent authority for criminal responsibility according to law;

(4) If the violator of public security administration is found to have other illegal acts, it shall notify the relevant administrative departments to deal with the violation of public security administration while making a decision on punishment.

Article 96 Where a public security organ makes a decision on administrative penalties for public security, it shall make a written decision on administrative penalties for public security. The written decision shall contain the following contents:

(a) the name, sex, age, name and number of identity documents and address of the person being punished;

(2) Illegal facts and evidence;

(three) the types and basis of punishment;

(four) the execution method and time limit of the punishment;

(five) the way and time limit for applying for administrative reconsideration and bringing an administrative lawsuit against the punishment decision;

(six) the name of the public security organ that made the decision on punishment and the date of making the decision.

The written decision shall be sealed by the public security organ that made the decision on punishment.

Article 97 The public security organ shall announce the written decision on administrative penalties for public security to the punished person and deliver it to the punished person on the spot. If it cannot be announced to the punished person on the spot, it shall be served on the punished person within 2 days. If it is decided to impose administrative detention, it shall promptly notify the family members of the punished person.

If there is an infringed person, the public security organ shall send a copy of the decision to the infringed person.

Article 98 Before the public security organ makes a decision to revoke the license and impose a fine of more than 2,000 yuan, it shall inform the violator of public security administration that he has the right to request a hearing; If the violator of public security administration requests a hearing, the public security organ shall promptly hold a hearing according to law.

Article 99 The time limit for public security organs to handle public security cases shall not exceed 30 days from the date of acceptance; If the case is serious and complicated, it may be extended for 30 days with the approval of the public security organ at the next higher level.

In order to find out the case, the period of appraisal is not included in the time limit for handling public security cases.

100th violation of public security management, with clear facts and conclusive evidence, shall be given a warning or a fine of not more than 200 yuan, and a decision on administrative penalties for public security may be made on the spot.

Article 101 If a decision on administrative punishment for public security is made on the spot, the people’s police shall show their work certificates to the violator of administrative punishment for public security, and fill in the punishment decision. The penalty decision shall be delivered to the punished person on the spot; If there is an infringed person, a copy of the decision will be copied to the infringed person.

The written decision on punishment prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall specify the name of the person being punished, the illegal act, the basis for punishment, the amount of the fine, the time and place, and the name of the public security organ, and shall be signed or sealed by the people’s police in charge.

If a decision on administrative penalties for public security is made on the spot, the people’s police handling it shall report it to the public security organ for the record within 24 hours.

Article 102 If the punished person refuses to accept the decision on administrative punishment for public security, he may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit according to law.

Section III Execution

Article 103 A person who has been decided to be given administrative detention shall be sent to a detention center for execution by the public security organ that made the decision.

Article 104 A person punished by a fine shall pay the fine at a designated bank within 15 days from the date of receiving the penalty decision. However, in any of the following circumstances, the people’s police may collect the fine on the spot:

(1) Being fined below 50 yuan, and the punished person has no objection to the fine;

(2) In remote, water-covered and inaccessible areas, after the public security organ and its people’s police have made a fine decision in accordance with the provisions of this Law, it is indeed difficult for the punished person to pay the fine to the designated bank, and the punished person has proposed it;

(three) the person who has been punished has no fixed residence in the local area, and it is difficult to implement it after it is not collected on the spot.

Article 105 The fines collected by the people’s police on the spot shall be handed over to the public security organs to which they belong within 2 days from the date of collecting the fines; Fines collected on the spot on water or passenger trains shall be handed over to the public security organs within 2 days from the date of arrival at the shore or station; The public security organ shall pay the fine to the designated bank within 2 days from the date of receiving the fine.

Article 106 If the people’s police collect fines on the spot, they shall issue a receipt for fines uniformly issued by the financial departments of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government to the person being punished; If the penalty receipt is not issued uniformly, the punished person has the right to refuse to pay the penalty.

Article 107 If a punished person refuses to accept the decision on administrative detention and applies for administrative reconsideration or brings an administrative lawsuit, he may apply to the public security organ for suspending the execution of administrative detention. If the public security organ thinks that the suspension of administrative detention will not cause social danger, the punished person or his close relatives shall provide a guarantor meeting the conditions stipulated in Article 108 of this Law, or pay a deposit according to the standard of daily administrative detention of 200 yuan, and the punishment decision of administrative detention shall be suspended.

Article 108 A guarantor shall meet the following conditions:

(1) Not involved in this case;

(two) enjoy political rights, personal freedom is not restricted;

(3) Having permanent residence and permanent residence in the local area;

(4) Having the ability to perform the guarantee obligations.

Article 109 A guarantor shall ensure that the guaranteed person does not evade the execution of administrative detention punishment.

If the guarantor fails to perform the guarantee obligation, causing the guarantor to evade the execution of administrative detention punishment, the public security organ shall impose a fine of not more than 3,000 yuan.

Article 110 If a person who has been decided to give administrative detention punishment pays a deposit and evades the execution of administrative detention punishment after suspending administrative detention, the deposit shall be confiscated and turned over to the state treasury, and the administrative detention decision already made shall still be implemented.

Article 111 If the decision on the punishment of administrative detention is revoked or the punishment of administrative detention begins to be executed, the security deposit collected by the public security organ shall be returned to the payer in time.

Chapter V Law Enforcement Supervision

Article 112 Public security organs and their people’s policemen shall handle public security cases in accordance with the law, fairly, strictly and efficiently, enforce the law in a civilized manner, and shall not practice favoritism and malpractice.

Article 113 When handling public security cases, public security organs and their people’s policemen are forbidden to abuse, abuse or insult those who violate the administration of public security.

Article 114 Public security organs and their people’s police should consciously accept the supervision of society and citizens when handling public security cases.

Any unit or individual has the right to report and accuse the public security organ or the people’s procuratorate or the administrative supervision organ if the public security organ and its people’s police do not strictly enforce the law or violate the law and discipline in handling public security cases; The organ that receives the report or complaint shall handle it in a timely manner according to its duties.

Article 115th the public security organs shall, when imposing fines according to law, separate the decision on fines from the collection of fines in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations; All fines collected shall be turned over to the state treasury.

116th people’s police in handling public security cases, one of the following acts, shall be given administrative sanctions according to law; If the case constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law:

(1) extorting a confession by torture, corporal punishment, maltreating or insulting others;

(2) restricting personal freedom beyond the time limit for inquiry and verification;

(3) Failing to implement the system of separating fine decision from fine collection, or failing to turn over confiscated property to the state treasury or deal with it according to law;

(four) dividing, embezzling, misappropriating or deliberately damaging the confiscated or detained property;

(5) using or not returning the property of the infringed person in time in violation of regulations;

(six) in violation of the provisions of the deposit is not returned in time;

(seven) taking advantage of his position to accept other people’s property or seek other benefits;

(eight) collecting fines on the spot without issuing a fine receipt or truthfully filling in the amount of fines;

(nine) after receiving the alarm to stop the violation of public security management, it is not timely to call the police;

(ten) in the investigation of violations of public security management activities, for the illegal and criminal acts;

(eleven) there are other circumstances of favoritism, abuse of power, and failure to perform their statutory duties according to law.

If a public security organ handling a public security case commits any of the acts listed in the preceding paragraph, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given corresponding administrative sanctions.

Article 117 If the public security organ and its people’s police illegally exercise their functions and powers and infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, they shall make an apology; If damage is caused, it shall be liable for compensation according to law.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Article 118 The term "above, below and within" as mentioned in this Law includes this number.

Article 119 This Law shall come into force as of March 1, 2006. The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administrative Penalties for Public Security promulgated on September 5, 1986 and revised and promulgated on May 12, 1994 shall be abolished at the same time.

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Editor: Golden Sword

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Original title: People’s Republic of China (PRC) Public Security Administration Punishment Law

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The construction (and pipe network) project of Tongde County tap water purification plant aided by Jiangsu has a total investment of 22.08 million yuan.

　　I live at the head of the Yangtze River, and you live at the end of the Yangtze River … …

　　This ancient poem is a vivid portrayal of the thousands of miles of love between Jiangsu and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province (hereinafter referred to as Hainan Prefecture). From the bank of the Yangtze River to the source of the Three Rivers, although it is far away from Qian Shan, the people of Jiangsu and Qinghai are hand in hand and heart in hand because of counterpart support.

　　Where you go, what you love depends on. Since July, 2016, the third batch of cadres in Jiangsu Province have blossomed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau like Gesanghua, contributing their youth and strength to the construction of Hainan in a new era.

　　Over the past three years, on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an average elevation of more than 3,000 meters, both the majestic mountains and the vast grasslands with beautiful scenery have recorded a long and touching story, telling the indissoluble love between a coastal province and a Tibetan autonomous prefecture. "In Jiangsu Province, 35 cadres and talents (including 10 rotations) have gone to Hainan. Along with it, there are 917 million yuan of financial funds from Jiangsu to support Hainan, and 113 aid projects around key areas such as rural infrastructure construction, education and health, and ecological environment protection. " Wang Xiandong, commander-in-chief of the third batch of youth aid headquarters in Jiangsu Province, said.

　　Precisely launching livelihood projects to enhance people’s sense of gain in Hainan.

　　Deng Yong’s wonderful story of "Looking for Water Director" is a household name in guinan county, Hainan.

　　Deng Yong is a senior engineer of Yangzhou Water Conservancy Bureau and 111 young scientific and technological talents of Jiangsu Water Conservancy System. At the end of July 2016, he came to guinan county and served as the deputy director of guinan county Water Resources Bureau. Guinan county, the source of the Three Rivers, is rich in water, but Tibetans live in scattered places, scattered on grass beaches or valleys. Drinking water for people and animals has become a big problem, and Tibetans are eager for stable and reliable water sources.

　　When I came to Guinan, finding water became the first important thing for Deng Yong. In just two months, he traveled all over the county’s water conservancy projects. At 8 o’clock every morning, he leads his department staff deep into the mountains and bumps along Panshan Road. As soon as they arrived at their destination, they quickly searched for water along the cracks in the mountains, and it was common for a family to find seven or eight days. He walked over mountains and mountains in Guorenduo village of Shagou township for a whole week before he found gurgling water in the gravel. A reservoir was built on the mountain and led to the cellar of each household through pipelines.

　　Tongde county tap water purification plant construction project, with a total investment of 22.08 million yuan. This fully automatic and unattended tap water purification plant has been in operation for 10 months and has treated 1.2 million tons of water. The water source of tap water purification plant is taken from groundwater. After the opening of the factory, it largely ensured the production and living water requirements of 33,000 people (including floating population) in the new old town of Tongde County, 1,026 people in the town of Gabasondo, and more than 10,000 large and small livestock, as well as the water requirements of various social facilities, and provided safe, reliable and pure drinking water for the broad masses of urban and rural residents. "With the tap water purification plant, the water quality is more stable and the water safety of local people is guaranteed." Ren Qing, director of the Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Water Resources Bureau of Tongde County, said.

　　In addition to ensuring that people who lack water have water to drink, medical care and housing … … Jiangsu is also actively promoting various livelihood projects in the local area.

　　The special geographical location leads to the backward development of health undertakings in Xinghai County. "Xinghai’s local clinical diagnosis and treatment ability is not strong, and people often have to go to other places to see a doctor." Zhiming Sun, a youth aid health cadre, told reporters that this situation has changed significantly with the aid of Jiangsu counterparts — — The comprehensive building of inpatient medical technology and the comprehensive building of traditional prevention and treatment of diseases in Xinghai Tibetan Hospital aided by Jiangsu have been completed one after another. At present, Xinghai Tibetan Hospital has changed from a small clinic to the best Tibetan hospital at the county level in Qinghai Province. The medical environment has been further improved, and the annual hospitalization has increased by more than 10 times.

　　In July, Saizong Mountain was sunny and warm, and it was scattered in a small Tibetan courtyard in Amdo Folk Culture Village, Xinghai County. Yang Zongtai, a 41-year-old householder, is a poverty-stricken household in Xinghai County. In October 2018, their family of five moved into this place less than two kilometers from the county seat. The adobe house that used to be drafty in winter and leaking in summer has suddenly become a new house of 80 square meters. In today’s Amdo Folk Culture Village, rows of bungalows with blue roofs, white walls and yards are arranged neatly; There is a big green playground in the middle of the village. The children are playing on the playground, and the old people are taking a walk and exercising.

　　At present, each project and a string of data all condense the deep friendship between Jiangsu and Hainan, and record a long and moving story.

Zhang Jie led the department staff to check the quality of medical records.

　　Talent and intelligence blend with each other to forge a team rooted in the plateau

　　For three years, Qian Xin, a youth aid teacher in Guide High School in Hainan, comes to school early every day to inspect, supervise and guide students’ morning reading. Mobilize the Guidance for College Entrance Examination Review for senior three teachers every year, give a lecture on how to do the curriculum reform for the whole school, and mobilize the curriculum reform in action for teachers under 40 years old … … He took the lead in organizing the review and discussion activities of senior three in Quanzhou, and the classroom was open to all teachers at any time.

　　Mentoring has always been an important mission of Jiangsu youth aid workers.

　　The same is true of Zhang Jie, who previously served as the vice president of Xinghai County People’s Hospital. In addition to using the operating table as a classroom and explaining the important steps and operation points in detail during the operation, he also proposed: selecting business backbones and transporting them to Zhang Jie’s original unit, Pizhou People’s Hospital for training, further study and study; Organize exchange and study between the staff of the two hospitals, and conduct free clinic and operation for patients in Xinghai County; Updating medical equipment, Pizhou People’s Hospital donated Xinghai People’s Hospital to import a set of color Doppler ultrasound equipment and put it into use; Mobilize medical staff to carry out health education for patients, record the contact information of patients, track the illness and enhance the health awareness of local people. Now, the obstetricians and gynecologists in Xinghai County People’s Hospital have made Zhuo Ma a backbone doctor in the department, and some gynecological operations that were difficult to carry out in the past can now be done normally.

　　Since the launch of the third batch of youth aid work, Jiangsu workers in Hainan have carried forward the hard work style of "lack of oxygen and lack of spirit", and have been growing and progressing on the plateau, and a number of typical figures have emerged, demonstrating the good image of Jiangsu cadres who are loyal and clean. Qian Xin is determined to reform and strictly manage the school, and the teaching quality of Guide Middle School has improved significantly. Dr. Yaohua Chen stayed in office for three years, performed cataract surgery, broke through one technical bottleneck after another, and was rated as "a good doctor in China"; Dr. Wang Huihui’s "33 Work Method" has been fully promoted in Hainan … …

　　In the past three years, Jiangsu has made great progress in group-based teaching, and the plan of "Famous Teachers Entering Hainan" has been successfully implemented, taking the lead in launching cross-provincial counterparts in higher vocational colleges, exploring new paths for promoting accurate poverty alleviation through education, blocking intergenerational transmission of poverty, and improving the level of vocational education and personnel training in ethnic areas. The effect of health poverty alleviation is obvious. We actively organized the "Heart-Friendly Project" and "Bright Walk" public welfare activities, and screened out 54 children with congenital heart disease who were in urgent need of surgery to get free assistance in Jiangsu and all recovered. With the continuous expansion of labor cooperation, with the support of relevant cities and counties in Jiangsu, Jiangsu Youth Aid Headquarters took the lead in organizing people to work in the mainland, and grassland herders became industrial workers through self-reliance, which played a good demonstration role in Hainan.

In the workshop of Yuanjing Energy (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., workers are busy hoisting and assembling fan parts.

　　Deeply planting the seeds of industrial cooperation to promote the two places to stride towards a well-off society hand in hand

　　Jiangsu and Hainan have become a "family" because of aid construction. Jiangsu youth aid cadres deeply planted the seeds of industrial cooperation in Qinghai, and promoted the cadres and masses of the two places to stride towards a well-off society hand in hand.

　　On July 16th, Yuanjing Energy (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., located in Hainan Green Industry Development Park, was a Jiangsu enterprise that directly set up a wind power equipment factory in the park. "Jiangsu is a major manufacturing province in the country, and Qinghai is a demonstration province of clean energy. It is entirely local to introduce Jiangsu’s high-end manufacturing into Qinghai. Through the formation of upstream and downstream supporting agglomeration by leading enterprises in Jiangsu, leading enterprises will be brought out of the base of high-end manufacturing industry. " The relevant person in charge of the park management Committee said.

　　The reporter learned that in 2018, there were 86 enterprises in Hainan Green Industry Development Park, including 6 enterprises in Jiangsu; The photovoltaic and wind power equipment used in the park involves 20 Jiangsu production enterprises and 35 kinds of products, equivalent to 2.5 billion yuan. Last year, the power generation of the park was 6 billion kWh, of which Jiangsu consumed nearly 1 billion kWh, and all 1 billion kWh was clean energy, realizing the "power transmission from west to east" of clean energy.

　　In Amdo Folk Culture Village, Xinghai County, an e-commerce service center that has been in operation is opening a new way of life for local residents. The well-known "Shaji model" in China has been replicated here, that is, the "farmer+network+company" model: through farmers’ entrepreneurship and training e-commerce leaders and demonstration households, a "chain reaction" has been formed to promote the industrial development of villages, towns and counties.

　　In June 2018, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province seized the opportunity of the Taobao Forum held in Suining County, invited Xinghai County to participate in the Taobao Summit and the Taobao High-end Forum, and facilitated the successful signing of the contract between Xinghai Qinghai-Tibet Terminal Company and Xiaobu. com. Suining county government and Xinghai county government reached a memorandum of cooperation on online business development, and Suining county sent two groups of experts to Xinghai enterprises, towns and villages to help develop the characteristic online business industry. Using the "sand collection model" for reference, the local government explored "farmers — — Cooperatives — — The mode of e-commerce platform, that is, cooperatives buy agricultural and sideline products from every household, and the e-commerce platform makes raw materials into finished products and sells them on the e-commerce platform.

　　In recent years, the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Commerce has gone all out to support the promotion of e-commerce development in the western region, and He Jianbo, a cadre of the Department, has been helping the youth for six consecutive years. Thanks to his efforts, the largest e-commerce poverty alleviation training shop in Suning.cn opened in Gonghe County. By the end of 2018, the poverty alleviation training shop had achieved sales of 2.3 million yuan, and the sales of Hainan Pavilion with Chinese characteristics increased by 300% year-on-year.

　　Teams are passed down from generation to generation, projects are accelerated, and practical results are achieved one by one … … After three years’ efforts, the exchanges, contacts and blending between Jiangsu and Hainan have written a new chapter. In the past three years, Jiangsu’s youth aid cadres have interpreted their responsibilities and responsibilities with practical actions, completed the aid construction tasks entrusted by the party Committee and government and the people in their hometown, and built a bridge between the east and the west. (Qiyuan Huang)

　　CCTV News:China Folk Song Conference takes the regional coordinates of the Yellow River, the frontier, the Yangtze River and the coastal areas as the main line, and gathers experts, scholars, inheritors and singers from 34 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions to unfold a China folk song map integrating regional characteristics and competitive performances for the audience. The program designed eight programs with four themes, namely, "the river comes from the sky", "Long song travels all the way", "drinking a river together" and "homesickness in the sea".

　　During the recording of the program, all the hosts of the variety channel personally led the team to travel across mountains and rivers, and went deep into the gathering places of ethnic minorities all over the country to find original folk songs and singers for interviews and exchanges, leading the audience to experience the folk song landscapes around the country and at the same time reflecting the landscapes of different regions. In the program, the audience can not only hear many popular folk songs, but also deeply and thoroughly understand the roots of these folk songs and the background stories they contain, so as to explore the spiritual and cultural traditions of their ethnic groups and regions from a small perspective. Such a "grounded gas" experience of collecting wind makes the hosts unforgettable. The following are the notes of the "leader and moderator" — —

　　Zhu Xun: Find the voice that has been in the blood for a long time.

　　This time, I went to my hometown of Jiangsu, and this experience gave me a new understanding of folk songs. Compared with Xizang, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other northwest regions, the folk songs in the south of the Yangtze River are relatively graceful, but they show a different vigor.

　　In Shaobo Town, the "hometown of folk music" in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, I found the local classic labor folk song "Rooted Luchai Flower" and its inheritor Wang Ruiru. Although it is the first time to listen to it, there is a feeling of deja vu. Perhaps this is the sound of dust in my blood! "Pulling out the Roots of Lu Chai Hua" is a widely sung paddy field song, which was sung when farmers were transplanting rice seedlings, and it has a strong Shan Ye flavor. In order to feel the artistic conception of this folk song more deeply, I also threw trouser legs into the water to transplant rice seedlings! Don’t underestimate transplanting rice seedlings. It’s really a technical job. I can’t stand or squat. I can only bow my waist and pout my ass and slowly insert it backwards. Not only that, I also personally touched the wealth belonging to mankind — — Organic fertilizer really feels the hard work of a handful of working people!

　　　Lei Zhang: There is a distant concern in my heart.

　　This time, in addition to returning to my hometown of Shanxi to look for Peach Blossoms, Red Apricots and White Flowers, I also went to another place I was not familiar with before — — In the black Zhuang area of Napo County, Guangxi, I not only found the classic folk song "Folk Songs are Like Spring River Water" and its predecessor "Pomegranate Green", but also gained a warm memory.

　　Speaking of this trip, it is no exaggeration to describe it as "both wind and rain". Because the destination is remote, the program group can only get off the plane in Nanning and then drive to Napo County overnight. The mountain road is rugged, and the road is long, so each of us is staring at the night road with an extremely strong spirit. After arriving in Napo county, we took the mountain road to the place where the black Zhuang people lived in compact communities. The weather in the mountains is uncertain, and the heavy rain is urgent, so it will rain as soon as you say it. However, only two female colleagues in the team brought two sun umbrellas, and all of them contributed to protect the camera from the rain. So, we were all drenched by the heavy rain!

　　Seeing this, the Zhuang villagers waiting to receive us at the destination quickly made a brazier to warm the working group. The brazier is very small, obviously it can’t meet the needs of so many of us, and I also wear jeans. Because the material is very thick and not easy to dry, it has been wet and stuck to my body, making me tremble with cold. Among the villagers sitting around the brazier, an aunt didn’t talk much, but looked silly. Seeing that I was shivering all the time, she silently returned to the house and took out a dozen specially clean clothes of the Zhuang nationality in black for me to change into. At the moment I received the clothes, my skin that had been eroded by the cold rain seemed to have a temperature in an instant, and a warm current hit my heart. After I put on my aunt’s loving clothes, I felt a kind of dryness that I had never seen before! This time, my aunt specially asked someone to bring me that suit. It is this incident that makes me feel that there is another person in the world who can make me care.

　　　Guan Tong: Isn’t it just mountain climbing? Piece of cake!

　　"Kangding Love Song" should be regarded as a classic folk song that everyone is familiar with! When I went to its birthplace this time, I felt from the bottom of my heart that I had been in touch with this land at an altitude of more than 4000 meters for a long time. Looking at the four characters of "Kangding Love Song" on the high slope, and then looking up at the blue sky and white clouds, it is really refreshing. Isn’t it a pity that there is no unforgettable memory in such a beautiful place?

　　Before we set out for the tour, the program group knew that I was not good at sports and my physical strength was not strong, and even dared not tell me that I would climb the mountain this time! When they successfully tricked me into the foot of the mountain, looking at everything in front of me, I really couldn’t say how bitter it was! The team’s friends also squeezed a sweat for me. Originally, I thought this trip was equivalent to a cultural tour. However, the ideal is full and the reality is very skinny. Facing the mountain in front of me, I still have to complete this task ~ ~

　　What I want to say especially about this mountain climbing is: I think my performance this time is really great! Completely out of my expectation! In the process of climbing the mountain, I not only insisted on setting an example, but always led the team at the forefront, encouraging everyone to go forward bravely, and the original three-hour climb was completed in only two hours. This sudden sense of accomplishment has excited me for a long time … …

　　　Ma Yue: The hot and cold poles are exciting enough.

　　The two places that impressed me deeply this time were Xizang and Sanya.

　　This is my sixth visit to Tibet. I have never experienced altitude sickness before, but this time it is particularly strong, which is a different memory of my visit to Tibet! In the process of searching for folk songs, after we got on the train from Lhasa, we met a group of local high school students in the carriage. Everyone sang happily together and the atmosphere was very warm.

　　Speaking of Sanya, my team and I went to Wanquan River. After more than an hour’s trek, we found the village where folk songs originated and a 95-year-old grandmother. This old woman once lived and fought with the Red Army, sang and arranged songs with the Red Army. Grandma also sang a song "Luo Nidiao" for everyone. "Luo Nidiao" sounds unfamiliar, but it has a lot of origins! After grandma’s detailed introduction, we realized that Wanquan River is Clear and Clear, which is familiar to everyone now, was first adapted from "Luo Nidiao" to "Wuzhishan Song", and then it was adapted to a certain extent before it evolved into what Wanquan River is now ~

　　Xiao Ni: Do you believe me when I said I was boating in Inner Mongolia?

　　Xiao Ni also went to many places this time. What impressed me the most was Wulate Zhongqi in Inner Mongolia, which was the birthplace of the Inner Mongolia folk song Hongyan, and its predecessor was a song called Honggaru. There are two legends about Honggaru. One is that it is a Urad toast song, which is usually sung by young people to their parents and lovers on the eve of the war. Second, it refers to a sad love story, in which the protagonist Honggaru and her beloved young man died in the battlefield to defend their country.

　　In fact, I wanted to play in Inner Mongolia a long time ago! This is such a good opportunity, not only to listen to songs, but also to make friends and travel, so don’t miss it! So in the process of collecting wind, I properly enjoyed the beautiful scenery of Urad. Would you believe me if I said I was boating in the Inner Mongolia prairie? — — You see what I said is so sincere, of course it’s true! I took a boat on the beautiful shepherd sea in Urad, and felt the ripples of reeds in the lake, the breeze across my face, and the silence that the city didn’t have. It was very comfortable. Really recommend Urad, a beautiful and magical place to our friends, and feel this pure land together!

　　　Li Sisi: Nature is the best listener of folk songs.

　　With the task, I went to Wuliangshan, Yunnan Province to find traces of "Yi people playing songs" and "Haicaiqiang", and I also found Gao Hongzhang, a vegetable dancer who just met at the Spring Festival Evening not long ago.

　　In the process of collecting wind, I saw villages surrounded by mountains and rivers, met local warm and simple people, and heard original ecological and grounded folk songs, which deeply touched me. I used to think that folk songs are all from mountains, which is a little far away for me. Through this visit, I found that folk songs are not only sung to the audience, but also to mountains, trees, rivers and nature. Nature’s feedback to folk songs is the most powerful feedback!

　　Real folk songs can cross the boundaries of time and space, cross the language and reach people’s hearts directly. The "Folk Song Conference" only provides a stage for displaying folk songs of different regions and nationalities, so that we can have the opportunity to hear those voices from the depths of nature.

　　　Weinina: I can’t resist the heat wave in Xinjiang!

　　I happened to go back to my hometown, Xinjiang, by the opportunity of collecting folk songs in China. Although I am a native girl in Xinjiang, I have never been to Hami before, and this tour is also my "first tour in Hami" ~

　　In Hami, I saw the distinctive ancient Uighur architecture, which I had never seen before in my hometown. I also met a group of beautiful girls and handsome boys. Uyghur people are famous for their hospitality, and I was invited by many people to eat at home and pick grapes! Although we don’t know each other, we can "beat the tambourine and sing songs" together in a second. This heat wave is really irresistible!

　　　Ren Luyu: Folk songs are the aspiration of the heart that transcends language.

　　Going to my hometown of Henan to find the almost lost "Nine Lotus Lantern" is not the only destination for me to go to the grass-roots level to collect wind! What impressed me deeply was the trip of folk songs in Sunan Yugur Autonomous County, Gansu Province.

　　In Sunan, I found the old man Du Shoulan, the inheritor of Yugu folk songs. Although the old man has entered seventy years of age, his spirit is still hale and hearty. Seeing our visit, she enthusiastically sang Yugur folk songs for everyone, probably because of her deep feelings, and the old man could not help crying after singing. The others present were very moved even if they didn’t speak the language.

　　In my opinion, this is the charm of folk songs, which can cross language barriers, form inner resonance and make people’s hearts move. The culture contained in this folk song is the root of the Yugur nationality and the Chinese nation.

　　　Gong Yan: Don’t forget why you started because you walked too far.

　　This time I went to Hezhe nationality in Bacha Township, Heilongjiang Province, where I met Sun Zhongkui, a local original ecological singer. Besides listening to his folk songs, I also experienced the pleasure of fishing on the river with him. Sun Zhongkui is engaged in the protection, excavation, arrangement and inheritance of Hezhe national culture. He told me that every year he would find time to go back to the boat to fish. He felt that only by truly living in the primitive lifestyle of Hezhe people can we better explore the cultural roots of Hezhe people.

　　In the process of exploring folk songs, I also discovered the true meaning of life — — A person, only by remembering the roots of the nation, can find the future direction and the strength to advance, and support us to move forward with determination! This is what I learned from Sun Zhongkui, and also from the whole Hezhe people! Tell the truth, my trip, glad you came!

　　　Zhang Zequn: The inheritance of folk songs never stops.

　　Guangdong music is a kind of music with distinctive local color and unique style. This time, I led a team to tanzhou town, Guangdong Province to find Guangdong’s classic folk songs — — "salty water song"!

　　The melody of salty water songs is sometimes passionate and unrestrained, and sometimes it is gentle and tender. In the song, we can feel the happiness of laborers when they work. How can such a wonderful folk song be done without an inheritor? The local villagers said that there is a "Folk Song Primary School" in Dongsheng Town, not far away, where children can sing folk songs, and folk songs have been passed down from generation to generation in this way.

　　As the source of soil and water vitality, folk songs are taught by teachers to students, and students become teachers, so that the melody of Guangdong folk songs will be passed down from generation to generation. I was deeply impressed by this feeling passed down from generation to generation. I think this is also the reason why the "Salty Water Song" can be preserved to this day!

　　CCTV News:According to WeChat official account’s "Ministry of Transport" on WeChat, on July 20th, Henan Province was hit by extremely heavy rainfall. As of 7: 00 on the 21st, 29 sections of 26 expressways, including G4 Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway, G30 Lianhuo Expressway, S26 Taihui Expressway, G1511 Rilan Expressway and G3001 Zhengzhou Ring Expressway, have been closed, and the recovery time has yet to be determined, with no large number of vehicles and personnel stranded. At present, there are 30 sections of 8 national highways and 8 provincial highways, such as G107 and G234, in Henan Province, which are interrupted by heavy rainfall. The local highway department put safety signs on the closed sections, arranged special personnel to be on duty, and organized personnel and machinery to quickly carry out rush-through operations after the situation stabilized. There were no vehicles, personnel stranded or casualties.

　　The extremely heavy rainfall has seriously affected the operation of Zhengzhou subway. In order to ensure the safe operation of urban rail transit during the flood season, the Ministry of Transport printed the electricity today. The full text is as follows: Emergency Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Transport on Doing a Good Job in Flood Control of Urban Rail Transit.

　　The transportation departments (bureaus and commissions) of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government:

　　On July 20th, Zhengzhou Metro stopped the whole network due to the torrential rain, and a train forced to stop the tunnel, causing casualties. Recently, many places in China have ushered in the heaviest rainfall since the flood season. In order to do a good job in flood control of urban rail transit and ensure the safe operation of urban rail transit, the relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:

　　First, attach great importance to flood control work

　　This year’s climate is special, with rare rainfall in many places. In the next 10 days, there will still be heavy rains in North China, Southwest China, Jianghan, Huanghuai and South China, and there will be heavy rains in some areas, and the flood control situation is very severe. Local transportation departments should clearly understand the extreme importance and urgency of flood control in urban rail transit, further improve their political stance, adhere to the people first and life first, always put people’s life safety first, put an end to fluky psychology and overcome paralysis, and do a good job in flood control with a high sense of responsibility, mission and urgency.

　　Second, immediately re-investigate and rectify potential risks.

　　Operating units shall, in accordance with the relevant requirements of the Administrative Measures for Classified Management and Control of Safety Risks in Urban Rail Transit Operation and Management of Hidden Dangers (Transportation Regulation [2019] No.7), focus on the investigation of the capacity of drainage equipment and facilities in key areas such as low-lying stations, transition sections and long-distance sections on the basis of preliminary investigation, and if the capacity is insufficient, it shall be reinforced in time; Check the connection between the drainage pipeline and the surrounding municipal pipe network, and report it to the relevant departments in a timely manner if it has not been connected or connected poorly; Check the blocking situation of the connection between the line under construction and the existing line to prevent rainwater from flowing back to the station section through the line under construction; Strengthen the inspection of slopes along the ground overhead lines and take targeted measures against risks such as loose soil and landslides; Timely check the types and quantities of emergency materials such as sandbags, water baffles and drainage pumps, and supplement and reinforce corresponding equipment and facilities.

　　Third, timely adjust and improve the emergency plan

　　Operating units should fully learn the lessons from the recent rainwater backflow incident, further adjust and improve the emergency plan, and take emergency measures such as stopping trains, evacuating passengers and closing stations in unconventional situations such as exceeding the designed rainstorm intensity. It is necessary to do a good job in communication and docking with meteorological departments and strengthen the collection of information such as floods and meteorological disasters. It is necessary to further strengthen inspection and monitoring, find out the signs of danger in time, scientifically judge the development trend, and start the corresponding grade plan in time.

　　Fourth, strengthen emergency response and disaster relief

　　Local transportation departments should, under the leadership of local party committees and governments, effectively play the role of emergency linkage working mechanism with emergency management, water supply, electric power, hospitals and other units as well as local governments and streets. In case of sudden events such as flooding and backward flow, it is strictly in accordance with the requirements of the Measures for the Organization and Management of Urban Rail Transit (Transportation Regulation [2019] No.14), and those who do not have safe operation conditions should be resolutely stopped; Operating units should make emergency response and information report at the first time according to the requirements of the plan, and the transportation department should promptly notify relevant departments to carry out emergency response work quickly according to the emergency response level to ensure the safety of passengers.

　　V. Resume operations in a safe and orderly manner

　　For the lines with flooding and backward flow, the operating unit should pay close attention to the disposal. After the completion of water pumping and drainage, the equipment system should be thoroughly and carefully investigated, and the damaged equipment should be replaced in time. If necessary, third-party institutions and industry experts can be hired to conduct a comprehensive test and evaluation of the relevant lines. Only after the safety assessment confirms that the conditions for safe operation are met can it be put into operation to prevent secondary disasters.

　　General Office of Ministry of Transport

　　July 21, 2021

　　Zhengzhou, People’s Daily Online, July 27 (Zhang Yili) A week after the "July 19" major explosion accident at Yima Gasification Plant of Henan Gas Group, the emergency management department issued a notice on the 26th, killing 15 people and seriously injuring 16 others. After preliminary investigation and analysis, the direct cause of the accident was that the leakage of the cold box of the air separation device was not handled in time, and a "sand explosion" occurred. The equipment leaked 24 days before the accident, but no attention was paid to the ultimate disaster.

　　24 days before the explosion, the leak still runs "sick"

　　According to the preliminary investigation and analysis, the direct cause of the accident was that the leakage of the cold box of the air separation unit was not handled in time, resulting in a "sand explosion" (a large amount of low-temperature liquid will be stored in the pearlescent sand in the insulation layer when the cold box leaks, and when the low-temperature liquid evaporates rapidly, the shell of the cold box will be cracked, and a large amount of pearlescent sand will be ejected with gas), which in turn led to the collapse of the cold box, resulting in the rupture of the nearby 500 cubic meters of liquid oxygen storage tank, the rapid leakage of a large amount of liquid oxygen, and the surrounding combustible materials will explode and burn under The specific cause of the accident is under further investigation.

　　According to the report, since the beginning of this year, there have been three major accidents in the chemical industry in China, namely "3 21" in Xiangshui, Jiangsu, "4 15" in Jinan, Shandong and "7 19" in Sanmenxia, Henan, which caused heavy casualties and bad influence, causing widespread concern in society.

　　The accident was caused by the air separation device in Yima Gasification Plant that failed to eliminate the hidden danger in time after the leakage and continued to operate with illness. On June 26, 2019, the purification branch of Yima Gasification Plant found that the oxygen content in the insulation layer of the cold box of C air separation unit increased, and it was judged that there was a small amount of oxygen leakage, but it did not attract enough attention, so it was considered that the monitoring operation was enough; On July 12, cracks appeared on the outer surface of the cold box, and the leakage volume further increased. Due to the imperfect equipment of the standby air separation system, the enterprise still insisted on "sick" production and failed to take timely measures to stop production and maintenance until the explosion accident occurred on July 19.

　　The Emergency Management Department requires all relevant enterprises in the country to seriously learn from the lessons of accidents, establish the concept of "hidden dangers are accidents", ensure that hidden dangers are eliminated as soon as they are discovered, and resolutely put an end to the operation of equipment with diseases. Local emergency management departments at all levels should strictly enforce the law and inspect, and if there are major hidden dangers such as the operation of equipment with diseases, they should be ordered to dispose of them immediately and be punished according to law.

　　Once advanced enterprises in production safety exposed management loopholes.

　　Yima Gasification Plant used to be an advanced enterprise in safety production. However, due to the loopholes in total factor safety management and the indifference of safety awareness and risk awareness of equipment and production, the management of equipment and other majors declined, which became an important cause of accidents. The accident also exposed some outstanding problems, such as unreasonable design and layout of the factory and insufficient attention to the safety production of supporting devices such as air separation.

　　The chemical production process is complex and the conditions are harsh. Most of the materials are flammable, explosive, toxic and harmful. In addition, the operating conditions such as high temperature, high pressure and low temperature all put forward strict requirements for the equipment. In daily production, process fluctuation, illegal operation, improper use and inadequate maintenance can cause equipment failure, lead to material leakage and lead to accidents.

　　According to the circular, strengthening equipment integrity management is the basis of chemical safety production, and all relevant enterprises should attach great importance to equipment professional management, optimize equipment design and selection from the source, and improve the intrinsic safety level. It is necessary to optimize the equipment and facilities with mature technology and good performance, master the safety information such as equipment design materials and operating parameters, and formulate strict technical regulations for equipment inspection and maintenance. It is necessary to increase the frequency of inspection and inspection of key parts, ensure that spare equipment is in good condition, earnestly carry out preventive maintenance, and eliminate hidden dangers in the bud.

　　By analogy, resolutely prevent and contain serious accidents.

　　According to the circular, after the accident, leading comrades in the State Council attached great importance to it and made important instructions, demanding that all efforts should be made to search and rescue personnel and treat the wounded, find out the cause of the accident as soon as possible, and deal with it seriously according to the law and regulations. At the same time, they deeply learned the lessons from the accident, made the safety supervision of hazardous chemicals enterprises the top priority, further investigated relevant safety hazards, and strictly prevented the occurrence of serious accidents.

　　In order to draw lessons from accidents, strengthen risk investigation and control by analogy, effectively implement the main responsibility of enterprises for safe production, further strengthen the work of safe production of dangerous chemicals, resolutely prevent and contain serious accidents, and fully safeguard the safety of people’s lives and property, the emergency management department requires that equipment and equipment should not run with diseases and carry out special inspections of air separation units. Strengthen the professional management of equipment, ensure the sound operation of equipment and the total factor management of chemical process safety, focus on the warning education of the main responsible persons of enterprises, conscientiously do a good job in the safety production of chemical and dangerous chemicals in the current high temperature season, and create a stable safety environment for the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China.

Incident scene

　　Education is the foundation of building a strong country and national rejuvenation. The National Education Conference held on September 9-10 blew a new horn for building an education power.

　　"We must persist in taking the people as the center, constantly improve the inclusiveness, accessibility and convenience of education public services, and make the achievements of education reform and development more fair and benefit all the people." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the meeting.

　　Looking back on the past, during his work in Zhejiang, the Supreme Leader attached great importance to education and promoted the implementation of "four projects" in rural primary and secondary schools, namely, the project of subsidizing students with financial difficulties, the project of caring nutritious meals, the project of reforming accommodation and improving teachers’ quality, so as to continuously improve the balanced development level of urban and rural education in Zhejiang.

　　Strengthen the teacher before teaching.

　　In the study of Zheng Zhihu, the former principal of Tiantai Middle School, the photo of the Supreme Leader with the third provincial meritorious teacher on September 8, 2004 was hung in the most eye-catching place.

　　那天出席全省庆祝我国第20个教师节暨表彰优秀教师大会的情景，现在还不时清晰地浮现在郑志湖的脑海中。

　　省功勋教师，是当时浙江给予教师的最高荣誉，每位功勋教师可享受省部级劳动模范和先进工作者待遇。

　　那一年的17位获奖者中，绝大多数是在中小学一线辛勤耕耘的老师，其中多位来自山区海岛的学校。

　　郑志湖，在天台这个山区小县是出了名的“铁人”。

　　每天早上6时他就出现在校园里，晚上11时以后办公室的灯才熄灭。他扑下身子抓教学质量，天台中学成为浙江高中物理教学一张闪亮的名片。

　　在这次大会上，最高领袖同志代表省委、省政府，向受表彰的教师和先进个人表示祝贺，向全省广大教职员工致以问候，也强调要努力为广大教师创造良好的工作生活环境，真心诚意办实事，切实帮助他们解决工作、学习和生活中的各种实际困难和问题。一席话，让郑志湖这名基层教育工作者心中暖洋洋的。

　　郑志湖在学生寝室与学生谈心（资料图片）

　　“郑校长，昨晚在电视上看见习书记和你们握手了，他跟你说了啥？”“还给劳模待遇，省里真重视教师啊。”……

　　On the second day after receiving the commendation and returning to Tiantai, Zheng Zhihu walked to school as usual in the morning. On the way of just a few tens of meters, several neighbors pulled him to congratulate him.

　　In 2017, when he reached retirement age, an educational institution offered him an annual salary of one million yuan. However, when Tiantai County leaders suggested that Tiantai Middle School could not do without him and asked him to postpone his retirement for five years, Zheng Zhihu agreed without saying anything.

　　“‘ Meritorious teacher ’ It is not only a medal for decades of teaching career, but also a responsibility that must be shouldered as a front-line teacher. " Zheng Zhihu is proud that he has not failed to live up to the expectations of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, and has always been steadfast in his dedication, making "Rise in the County" shine from the ideal into reality.

　　Strengthen the teacher before teaching. For rural primary and secondary schools, the improvement of education quality depends on the improvement of teachers’ quality first.

　　The pointer of time has been set back for 20 years. Lin Haohao, the principal of Sankui Town Central Primary School in Taishun County, is still a rural teacher who has tried his best but still cannot break through the professional bottleneck.

　　The project to improve the quality of rural primary and secondary school teachers promoted by the Supreme Leader in Zhejiang that year changed the growth track of many rural teachers like Lin Haohao, and then quietly changed rural education.

　　In 1995, Lin Shanghao, who just graduated from Pingyang Normal School, was assigned to the most remote rural school in Taishun, and he had to teach all subjects by himself. After working for six or seven years, he worked hard to participate in the lecture competition and voted for many papers, but he was always inferior to the teachers in the city.

　　"At that time, there were few training opportunities for teachers. I have only received a few on-campus trainings. The level of colleagues is similar, radish fried radish, not radish? "

　　Looking at Zhejiang at that time, the achievement rate of primary school teachers’ academic qualifications ranked lower in the country. Some primary school teachers have only a primary school diploma. Some teachers have to take time off to do farm work. When they walk into the classroom, their trouser legs are high and low, and there are mud spots on their legs that can’t be washed off.

　　In May, 2005, under the impetus of the Supreme Leader, the provincial finance allocated 20 million yuan as special funds, with famous teachers at the provincial and municipal levels as teachers, and began to carry out free training for 170,000 rural primary and secondary school teachers in the province from the summer vacation of that year.

　　In the absence of special teaching materials for training teachers, special-grade teachers in various disciplines and sections will compile them separately.

　　No one complained about the inconvenient transportation at the training site located in the county seat. No rural teacher wants to miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and he has to come to class on time after walking for an hour or two on the mountain road.

　　After three years of training courses, Lin Haohao found that he had made a breakthrough in improving his educational philosophy, the internal logic of classroom teaching and teaching design. Back in class, his state has changed completely. Since then, he has gradually grown into a senior Chinese teacher and a training object for Zhejiang famous teachers.

　　Zhejiang continues to implement the "Leading the Wild Goose Project" for rural primary and secondary school teachers, the training plan for Zhejiang famous teachers, principals and class teachers, and explores the "menu" and "order" training … … More and more "excellent forests" have emerged in rural primary and secondary schools, and the quality of rural education has continuously stepped onto a new level.

　　In August 2018, Pujiang Experimental Primary School Education Group and Puyang No.2 Primary School Education Group organized key teachers to study in Tsinghua University (data picture).

　　Let rural children read books and read good books.

　　At 8: 00 am on May 10th, 2005, I just arrived at work time.

　　Liu Yongwu, the headmaster of Changkeng Primary School in Dongdu, Jinyun County, was sitting in the office of the director of the county education bureau, waiting for a message.

　　"The first batch of accommodation renovation projects in the province has been decided, and the renovation of your school dormitory has been listed!" The director smiled and said, "How are you going to build … …”

　　Liu Yongwu rose abruptly from his chair and said as he walked out, "I’m going to make a plan now!"

　　Changkeng Primary School is a rural boarding school, but there has never been a dormitory. At that time, children in grades one to three slept in two rooms in an old ancestral hall.

　　There are more than 20 bunks in a room of more than 40 square meters, and 60 or 70 children have to sleep. Two first-grade children squeeze a bed 80 cm wide; Three second-grade children sleep in two bunks that are spliced together. Going to the toilet at night has to cross a pair of legs in the dark, which often wakes up most of the students in the dormitory. The so-called toilet is two wooden toilets in the corner.

　　The turning point appeared in 2003. In August and December of this year, the then supreme leader of Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee went to Lishui and Wenzhou to investigate the development of underdeveloped areas respectively. He not only went to the enterprise, went to Tiantou, but also visited the school. Many cadres and masses have reflected the problems that need to be solved urgently in rural basic education.

　　Comrade Supreme Leader gave clear instructions: "Let rural children read books and read good books."

　　After that, the Supreme Leader has repeatedly coordinated the provincial education department and other relevant departments to discuss together to provide better educational conditions for children in poverty-stricken areas.

　　In 2005, the construction of a strong education province was written into the document of the provincial party committee, which clearly put forward that the development of urban and rural education should be coordinated, rural education should be the top priority, the layout of rural education should be further optimized, the conditions for running schools in rural areas should be improved, and the level of running schools in rural areas should be improved.

　　In the same year, Zhejiang invested real money to start the "four projects" of rural primary and secondary schools.

　　September 1, 2006, this is a new semester written in the history of Changkeng Primary School. A brand-new white four-story building stands on the campus. The first floor is a canteen, and the other three floors are student dormitories.

　　Photo courtesy of the student dormitory (left) before 2005 and the current student dormitory (right) of Changkeng Primary School in Dongdu, Jinyun County.

　　The children flew into the new dormitory and found one after another — —

　　"One bed for each person, no need to squeeze in!"

　　"Come and see, there is a toilet!"

　　……

　　In the second year, many parents in the surrounding counties and districts took their children to Changkeng Primary School to register. Liu Yongwu said that at the peak, half the children in the school came from other counties.

　　In 2007, on the basis of the "Four Projects", Zhejiang listed the efforts to start the construction of all the "Four Projects" accommodation renovation projects in rural primary and secondary schools, and 90% of the projects were completed as ten aspects of people’s livelihood.

　　这项政策改善了十余万名浙江农村中小学生寄宿条件，更带动社会各界群策群力，为提升农村教育条件添砖加瓦。

　　“近20年过去了，今天孩子们依然住在习书记关心下建起的宿舍楼里，内部设施已经更新了好几代。”刘勇武说，如今宿舍不仅有空调、储物柜，还开辟了图书角等园地。

　　“四项工程”中的家庭经济困难学生资助扩面工程，把农村困难家庭孩子的书本费、学杂费、代管费等费用全部免除。浙江是全国最早实行这项规定的。

　　爱心营养餐工程，让山里娃第一次尝到了牛奶的味道。20年间，一些山区县中小学生的平均身高增长了十几厘米。

　　……

　　同一片蓝天下

　　“嘉禾参加了学校的扎染社团和科学社团，可忙啦！”新学期开学，杭州市文渊小学五（6）班袁嘉禾妈妈和宁夏老家的长辈打电话，乐呵呵地讲起女儿的近况。

　　这家人扎根杭州已十多年，孩子在公办学校就读，与杭州户籍孩子享受完全同等的义务教育免费政策。两口子说，孩子入学了，才觉得真正在这里安家了。

　　今年8月，杭州青少年活动中心与共青团杭州市滨江区委联合主办2024年“小候鸟”体育夏令营 杭州青少年活动中心供图

　　Time goes back to the beginning of the 21st century. With the acceleration of urbanization in Zhejiang, more and more children of migrant workers want to attend school in the city where their parents work, which brings a series of new topics.

　　Comrade Supreme Leader has a clear attitude towards this: create conditions for them to grow up healthily and happily together under the same blue sky.

　　For two consecutive years, the Supreme Leader and the children of migrant workers in Hangzhou celebrated Children’s Day on June 1st.

　　On May 31st, 2005, Hangzhou Youth Activity Center organized the children of migrant workers to participate in "Feeling Animation and Celebrating Together ‘ June 1st ’ " Activities. Some children do pottery, some learn animation in the computer room of "Little Doctor", and some operate small robots to find ore specimens in "space" … …

　　At this moment, a special guest came. The children shouted "Hello Uncle Xi" in unison.

　　During the exchange, the supreme leader comrade affirmed the children’s parents’ hard work for Hangzhou and wished the children healthy and happy growth in Hangzhou, the second hometown.

　　On the eve of Children’s Day on June 1st, 2006, the Supreme Leader came to Hangzhou Shuren Primary School to celebrate the festival with the children.

　　This is a school mainly for children of migrant workers. Jin Xiaolong, the then principal, remembers that at a parent-teacher meeting, a mother said with emotion: "When crossing the road, the children will tell us to watch the traffic lights and take the initiative to help wash the dishes after dinner. We are usually too busy to discipline our children, thanks to the school’s efforts in this regard. "

　　杭州树人小学如今的校园场景 学校供图

　　为了让外来务工人员子女更好融入城市生活，树人小学不仅教知识，还特别注重培养孩子们的行为习惯。学校里有一间“爱心小屋”，各界爱心人士捐助的文具、玩具琳琅满目，每件物品都被标上了分值。过马路走斑马线，见到老师同学要问好，帮爸爸妈妈做家务……这些日常习惯都能攒积分换礼物。

　　“习书记来学校时就参观了‘爱心小屋’，并细致询问如何获取爱心积分和奖励方法。”金小龙说，“习书记再三嘱咐我，不管是本地的还是外来的，要让孩子们共享优质教育的甘甜雨露。”

　　浙江省委、省政府把解决外来务工人员子女就学问题作为一项重大民生工程，持续推动。2006年，浙江将外来务工人员子女义务教育纳入政府教育事业发展规划；2009年，设立外来务工人员子女教育专项基金。

　　如今，符合条件的外省务工人员子女在浙江全面实现流入地升学。2023年，我省义务教育中小学随迁子女在校生达165.24万人，占全省义务教育段在校生的28.6%。

Recently, strong convective weather in Guangdong has brought heavy rain, strong winds and even tornadoes, which has attracted the attention of the outside world.

On the afternoon of April 27th, a tornado occurred in Zhong Luotan, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, causing 5 deaths, 33 injuries and 141 factory buildings damaged. At 11 o’clock on April 30, a weak tornado appeared in Qiandong Town, Raoping County, Chaozhou City, which caused some trees in the south of Raoping County to collapse and slightly damaged the workshops of individual enterprises.

The Paper noted that since April 27th, early warnings of possible tornadoes have been issued in Huangpu District and Huadu District of Guangzhou, Xinhui District of Jiangmen City, Duanzhou District, Dinghu District and Gaoyao District of Zhaoqing City. According to the early warning information previously issued by the Central Meteorological Observatory, it is estimated that there will be more than 10 thunderstorms and strong winds in parts of southern Jiangxi, southwestern Fujian, northeastern Guangxi, northern Guangdong and other places from 08: 00 on April 30 to 08: 00 on May 1, with a maximum wind force of more than 12, and there may be tornadoes.

In August 2013, the first tornado research center in China was established in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, mainly to carry out tornado monitoring and early warning tests. On April 30, 2024, Huang Xianxiang, a senior engineer at the Tornado Research Center in Foshan, was interviewed by The Paper (www.thepaper.cn). He said that the tornado in Zhong Luotan, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, caused some casualties because most of the local factories were tin houses, which had poor wind resistance. Therefore, if you encounter a tornado, you should leave as soon as possible and hide in a solid house nearby, especially a reinforced concrete house.

Huang Xianxiang said that tornadoes are very sudden and it is difficult to predict tornadoes. At present, the tornado research in China is in its infancy, and our forecasting and early warning business is still in the experimental stage. However, some features of tornado are relatively obvious, which may be monitored and identified in advance. For example, the tornado brought by typhoon Mangosteen in 2018 and the tornado brought by typhoon Siam in 2022 were all warned in advance.

Huang Xianxiang also reminded that tornadoes must be accompanied by strong convective weather. If there are many strong convective weather backgrounds, the risk of tornadoes will be greater.

[Dialogue with Huang Xianxiang]

Iron houses are weak in wind resistance and easy to collapse.

The Paper:On the afternoon of April 27th, there was a tornado in Zhong Luotan Town, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, which caused heavy casualties. What are the characteristics of this tornado? Why are the casualties more serious?

Huang Xianxiang:First of all, the intensity of this tornado is relatively strong, reaching the level of strong tornado EF 2, so the damage area caused by it is also relatively large, and more than 140 factories are damaged. The casualties were serious, mainly because the tornado was so strong that it blew down the fence and some buildings with weak wind resistance, causing casualties.

The Paper:During the tornado in Zhong Luotan, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, iron houses, trees, high-voltage lines, telephone poles and vehicles were seriously damaged, especially the iron houses, whose roofs were overturned and even their walls collapsed. Combined with the tornado disaster, what should be paid attention to in preventing tornadoes?

Huang Xianxiang:If you encounter a tornado and are in a tin factory building or some other temporary residence that is not very strong at that time, it is suggested that you leave as soon as possible and hide in a solid house nearby, especially a reinforced concrete house, while ensuring safety. Don’t be in a factory building with weak wind resistance or a long-span roof. It is safer to evacuate quickly. Because the tin factory building is easy to collapse, once it collapses, it will cause some damage. Also stay away from tall objects such as fences, telephone poles and trees.

The Paper:Before there is a tornado in a place, can you do some safety hazards investigation? What shortcomings need to be filled?

Huang Xianxiang:A prominent feature of tornadoes is strong wind, and the main safety hazards are houses with weak wind resistance, tin factories or simple fences, as well as trees, billboards and flower pots upstairs. Therefore, in addition to knowing which ones are not wind-resistant, it is also necessary to pay attention to which nearby places are wind-resistant, such as knowing where the nearest concrete building is. If necessary, you can choose to take shelter from severe weather temporarily. After all, safety comes first.

Tornado prediction is difficult, and tornado can do some early warning.

The Paper:Can tornadoes be predicted in advance?

Huang Xianxiang:Tornado prediction is more difficult, because its suddenness is particularly strong, and its scale is very small, and its local characteristics are obvious. It is not a weather system with a large influence range like a squall line, such as sweeping from east to west or from north to south. For example, in a city of several thousand square kilometers, there may be strong weather like tornado only within a few kilometers or hundreds of meters, so it is difficult to monitor the tornado and predict it, but the characteristics of tornado are relatively obvious. In some cases, some early warnings can still be made. Some weak tornado features may not be obvious, its signal itself is weak, and some features will be much weaker.

Our current early warning is mainly based on the weather radar, because the tornado storm will show some unique characteristics in the weather radar image, such as the shape of the echo, it will show a hook echo, or a notch shape, and there will be some obvious rotation characteristics. If it is a strong tornado, its characteristics will be more obvious, so we can still make some early warning. As for how long it can be advanced, according to the specific situation, not every tornado process is the same, and some of them develop very fast, which may suddenly strengthen and suddenly occur. This kind of predicted time may not be advanced, and it may not be seen until a tornado occurs. Or some may only have a few minutes to give early warning. However, if it is a tornado with a long path or not so sudden, we can pay attention to its characteristics earlier. On September 17, 2018, a tornado circulating around the typhoon Mangosteen occurred in Foshan. We paid attention to this situation early, and made an early warning, with an advance of more than 30 minutes, but not every tornado has strong stability or obvious characteristics. Some of them developed too fast and may be displayed on the radar. The last graph is strengthened, and the next graph is weakened, but the tornado may happen during the period of strengthening and weakening, but we can’t see the data during this period, because our data is updated every 6 minutes, and it may happen during this interval, so it is very difficult to warn.

The Paper:Is the information you said that you watch every 6 minutes the information of weather radar?

Huang Xianxiang:Yes, every 6 minutes, the S-band weather radar will produce a scanned image, but now we have set up some small X-band radars, and we can have a picture in about 1 minute, and the echo structure we see will be more detailed. However, the small radar has a weakness, and the echo signal decays very quickly, so many times we can’t see some weather conditions.

The Paper:You mentioned the prediction of weak tornadoes and strong tornadoes earlier, and the signals may be different. How is this weak and strong?

Huang Xianxiang:In fact, it is difficult to monitor the tornado itself, and the intensity of the tornado can only be determined by the damage degree of the disaster on the spot. Why did the tornado in Guangzhou become a tornado this time? This is also determined according to the degree of damage at the scene, for example, a large area of factory buildings was damaged. In the determination process, we also need to look at the quality of the factory building, whether it is a concrete structure or a simple iron factory building. For example, in the disaster-stricken area of Zhong Luotan tornado in Baiyun District, Guangzhou, most of the factories are brick-concrete structures. Based on these factors, we evaluated them as EF 2. We have a measurement standard with different indexes. If the factory building with reinforced concrete structure is razed to the ground, the strength will be greater, maybe EF 4 strength is even stronger. According to the damage degree caused by the tornado scene, its strength is determined. If only some trees are broken, it is the weakest grade of EF1 or EF 0, so the strength is determined according to the damage degree.

The Paper:For this tornado in Zhong Luotan Town, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, what signs did it have before?

Huang Xianxiang:In radar images, there are some echo features of tornadoes, such as hook echo structure and rotation.

The Paper:From the meteorological point of view, the tornado in Zhong Luotan is a tornado. Is it a tornado that can be predicted in advance?

Huang Xianxiang:The characteristics of tornado may be more obvious before and after the occurrence, so its advance will not be very long, and it may take a few minutes at most.

The Paper:We noticed that on the afternoon of April 27th, before the tornado occurred in Zhong Luotan, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, there might be a tornado warning in Huadu District, Guangzhou, but there was no tornado warning in Baiyun District. Is this because it is difficult to predict the tornado accurately at present?

Huang Xianxiang:Tornado warning itself is full of challenges. It is understood that at that time, Baiyun District issued a high-level orange warning signal for thunderstorm and gale and an orange warning signal for hail to remind the public to guard against extreme gale and hail weather.

Domestic tornado research is still in its infancy.

The Paper:What is the current level of tornado prediction and research in China?

Huang Xianxiang:At present, the tornado warning business in many places is still in the experimental stage, because this work is full of challenges. The United States has established an advanced tornado warning and forecasting business, because there are high frequency tornadoes there, and there are more than 1000 tornadoes every year, and they have studied tornadoes for more than half a century, and our research is still in its infancy.

The Paper:Typhoon seems to have a path. Is the path of tornado clear?

Huang Xianxiang:Because typhoon is a weather scale system with a diameter of hundreds to thousands of kilometers, its typhoon cloud system can be seen on the satellite cloud picture, and even the typhoon eye area can be clearly distinguished. Combined with a variety of observation data, the typhoon center can be located and the moving path of the typhoon can be given.

Tornado is a small-scale vortex system extending from thunderstorm clouds, which is small in scope, fast in birth and disappearance, and often dissipates due to the friction of the underlying surface during the moving process, so the path of tornado often jumps, which is difficult to identify from the weather radar. We need to give the moving path of tornado mother storm through weather radar, then find out the possible whereabouts of tornado according to the characteristics and reporting information of mother storm, and then carry out on-site aerial photography and disaster adjustment of tornado damaged area to draw the approximate path of tornado.

The Paper:What is the early warning situation of tornadoes in Guangdong in recent years?

Huang Xianxiang:In recent years, by studying the weather characteristics of historical tornadoes in Guangdong, the early warning technical indicators of tornadoes in Guangdong have been preliminarily summarized. In the early warning practice, in addition to predicting the tornado in the circulation of Typhoon Mangosteen in 2018, the tornado brought by Typhoon Siam in 2022 was also warned in advance.

The Paper:Is it difficult to predict other tornadoes?

Huang Xianxiang:Right. Because some features burst too fast, suddenly occur, and suddenly weaken, they may just be seen and disappear in the radar image the next second. Sometimes it is discovered after receiving the report that such weak features can also produce tornadoes; Sometimes early warning of tornadoes with strong signal characteristics may not produce tornadoes in the end, but only local strong winds.

The Paper:Will the warning range of tornado be larger than the actual range?

Huang Xianxiang:The United States is the country with the highest level of tornado warning, and so far the warning range of tornadoes in the United States is often larger than the actual impact range. Our current practice is similar, mainly based on weather radar combined with automatic weather stations to comprehensively judge the dynamic evolution trend of tornado mother storm, so the early warning range may be larger than the actual range. However, it also depends on the specific situation. It is also possible that the activities of tornadoes exceed the warning range, and the actual impact range needs to be evaluated according to the moving path and damage range of tornadoes.

There are many strong convective weather, and the risk of tornado may be higher.

The Paper:In recent years, extreme weather has occurred frequently, which has also caused disasters in some places. This round of heavy rain in Guangdong, strong convective weather, rainfall in many places broke the extreme value of accumulated rainfall in April. Will this strong convective weather and extreme climate lead to more tornadoes?

Huang Xianxiang:Tornado itself belongs to the most extreme and intense kind of severe convective weather. In other words, strong convective weather may not necessarily produce tornadoes, but tornadoes must be accompanied by strong convective weather. If there are many strong convective weather backgrounds, the risk of tornado is higher.

In addition to the strong convective weather background, the tornado is also related to some atmospheric conditions. For example, in addition to the intersection of cold and warm air currents, sufficient energy and water vapor transportation, it is also required that there is a strong wind in the middle and low altitude, which is what we usually call a "jet stream" to form a strong vertical wind shear, which is conducive to the occurrence of tornadoes. In addition, it depends on whether the geographical location and terrain conditions are suitable for the formation of tornadoes. For example, the possibility of tornadoes in mountainous areas is relatively small, because tornadoes often occur in flat plains, and mountainous areas will weaken the occurrence and development of tornadoes.

The Paper:Under the background of frequent extreme weather, will tornadoes present new features and changes?

Huang Xianxiang:It is not that tornadoes will produce new changes. Maybe the weather will be extreme in one year, and the number of tornadoes will increase this year, but it is also possible that tornadoes will rarely appear next year. It can only be said that there is a certain correlation between the occurrence of tornadoes and abnormal weather, but it is difficult to sum up a long-term and trending change feature from it, which needs more information for further study. It is not possible to draw a new change and new feature of a tornado from the phenomenon of a certain year, but it takes a period of time to analyze the phenomenon and get the result.

The Paper:According to the forecast of meteorological department, from April 30th to May 1st, there will be thunderstorms and strong winds, and there may be tornadoes in some areas such as southern Jiangxi, southwestern Fujian, northeastern Guangxi and northern Guangdong. Can the tornado situation behind be predicted or analyzed?

Huang Xianxiang:Because the weather situation is very unstable these days, due to the combined effects of cold air and high-altitude trough, there may be thunderstorms, strong winds, hail and heavy precipitation, and the possibility of local tornadoes is not ruled out. For example, on the morning of April 30th, a tornado happened in Chaozhou, East Guangdong.

The Paper:Is it possible for a tornado to happen in a crowded place in the city center? Why?

Huang Xianxiang:Tornadoes are easy to occur in open and flat areas, and hilly, mountainous and tall buildings are not conducive to the development of tornadoes. There are generally high-rise buildings in the city center, which is not conducive to the occurrence and development of tornadoes. Of course, it is not excluded that some rare tornadoes occur in cities, but most tornadoes still occur in open areas. Moreover, most buildings in cities are reinforced concrete structures, which are relatively strong and safe. The probability of tornado itself is not high, and the probability in the central city is even lower. Therefore, the residents in the city need not worry too much, and they can feel more at ease by mastering certain knowledge of natural disasters such as strong winds.

The Paper:What should the public pay attention to when facing tornadoes?

Huang Xianxiang:If you are at home, stay away from doors, windows and external walls of houses and hide in the room opposite to the tornado. If there is a basement or semi-basement, it will be safer to hide there.

If you are in a temporary shed or tin house, you should leave as soon as possible and look for a solid house to escape.

If you are in the wild, you should find a low-lying area as soon as possible, hold your head down to avoid it, and stay away from trees, billboards, fences, etc. to avoid being injured by them.

If you are in a car, when the distance is far away, you should drive to the place opposite to the tornado route as soon as possible; When you are too close to escape, you should leave the car as soon as possible, look for low-lying areas, and hold your head down to avoid. Because the intensity of the tornado can roll the car into the sky, the car is not a safe zone.

Warning everywhere

Natural baths are still raging.

The tragic incident sounded the alarm for the reservoir players. However, after the drowning accident, there are still hundreds of people "hiking" every day in Qinglong Mountain Reservoir.

"The accident happened on July 12, and there were fewer people swimming on the 13th, but the next two days happened to be weekends, and there were more people playing with water. On the afternoon of the 16th, there were fewer talents because of the heavy rain." The relevant staff of Fusheng Police Station of Yuecheng District Public Security Bureau told the reporter that after the accident, they strengthened the inspection and pulled up a huge red warning banner on the dam of the reservoir.

On the afternoon of July 14th, the reporter came to the reservoir specially, heard the incessant horn call of "No Entry into the Water", and saw various fixed warning signs, which read, "There have been many drowning accidents in this reservoir over the years! The water depth of the reservoir, please pay attention to safety! " "The water depth is dangerous, pay attention to safety" and so on.

The reporter saw that Shaoxing Yuchacun Tea Industry Co., Ltd. specially set up a warm reminder iron sign beside the reservoir, which said that the water in Qinglongshan Reservoir is deep, the water temperature is low and there is obvious stratification. Please pay attention to safety, do a good job of personal protection, and take responsibility for accidents. The reservoir is the core scenic spot of Matcha Town. Please take all the garbage away or put it in the dustbin.

"The Qinglong Mountain Reservoir in Fusheng Town, Yuecheng District, with tea gardens, reservoirs and green hills set each other off, is a well-known punching point in online celebrity. Every summer, the temperature here is several degrees Celsius lower than that in the urban area, which is a good place to cool off in summer. " Mr. Jin, who came here to swim, told reporters that he is an outdoor sports enthusiast and has been swimming in Qinglong Mountain for 10 years. In recent years, there are more and more people playing with water in the reservoir, especially in the evening on hot days in summer. Traffic police have to be dispatched to maintain order, otherwise, the vehicles driving to swim in Qinglong Mountain will be easily blocked. After the accident, the "natural bathing place" is still "noisy".

Difficulties in road closure

The relevant departments are helpless.

The reporter learned that there are two routes to the reservoir. One is to go directly to the reservoir from Yucha Village Tea Demonstration Park. This road is not accessible by the staff of the demonstration park. The other road is from the Zanggong line in Huangjiaao Natural Village, Paikou Village, Gaobu Street.

The staff of Shaoxing Yuchacun Tea Industry Co., Ltd. told the reporter that although tea gardens are often irrigated with water from Qinglongshan Reservoir with the consent of relevant departments, Qinglongshan Reservoir does not belong to Yuchacun. From the perspective of tea garden management, the meeting of people flow brings many problems, but the company is not the owner of the reservoir and cannot stop tourists from visiting the reservoir.

"It is suggested that we close the road to ensure safety." The relevant staff of Fusheng Town Government said that the road to Qinglongshan Reservoir belongs to Gaobu Street, and they have no right to close the road. The staff of Gaobu Street also recognized this statement. Why don’t Gaobu Street block the road leading to Qinglong Mountain? The relevant staff explained that the villagers often have to take care of the mountain behind the reservoir, and the road closure will definitely be complained by them.

Outdoor swimming

Two conditions are indispensable.

Xiaojin, a winter swimmer, is a frequent visitor to Qinglong Mountain Reservoir. He is worried about the swimmers who come here.

Xiaojin told reporters that even if it snows, there are tourists visiting Qinglong Mountain. Outdoor swimmers generally receive strict safety education, knowing that reservoir swimming is also a dangerous place for experienced swimmers at any time, so they will take safety measures in advance. "There are two conditions for outdoor swimming, both of which are indispensable. First, the buoyancy ball must be tied, and the tightness and tension should be checked before launching to ensure safety; Second, many companions must go together, so that they can pay attention to each other’s safety in the reservoir. Once an accident occurs, it is relatively easy to rescue. "If we forget to bring the buoyancy ball, we would rather run empty than go into the water."

"It is a great safety hazard to swim outdoors without a buoyancy ball." Outdoor swimmer "Shui Ge" said that it is difficult to accurately find the drowning person in a wide water area for timely rescue without a buoyancy ball. At the same time, because the water area is wide and unfathomable, it is more difficult to rescue than the swimming pool.

The reporter saw from the photos and videos sent by Xiaojin and others that after the drowning accident in Qinglongshan Reservoir, the enthusiasm of wild swimmers has not diminished, and "outdoor swimming white" is still the mainstream. There are so many people in swimsuits in the huge reservoir, but there are few bright buoyancy balls and life jackets.

Reservoir drowning

It hurts to be helpless.

"There were several people who came to the reservoir to swim with the drowning young man that day. They soon found that they could not find him and called the police. The police are also very fast, but it is really not easy to find someone in such a large reservoir. " Aunt Li from Zangong Village, Fusheng Town goes for a walk in Qinglongshan Reservoir every evening. She and some villagers witnessed the rescue situation at that time.

"When it was salvaged, everyone was sorry to see that the deceased was so young." A staff member who participated in the rescue at the scene said that even if someone saw drowning, it was very difficult to rescue. Last year, in Longchuan ‘ao Reservoir, Wufengling, not far from here, a young man fell into the water playing with paddles, and his companions and villagers at the reservoir could only watch him slide farther and farther with heartache, but they were helpless.

The reporter also learned that in another reservoir last year, a local villager who often swam in the reservoir slipped farther and farther in the reservoir because he didn’t wear a buoyancy ball, which led to the tragedy of drowning. "The reason is unknown, it may be dizziness, or it may be caused by cramping in the water or sudden cardiovascular disease." Witnesses said.

"When there is drowning in the reservoir, it is difficult to rescue even trained professionals. In short, the reservoir is not a place to swim. " Hu Jianqiang, a member of Shaoxing Jiulong Rescue Team, told reporters that he has participated in about 100 summer reservoir swimming and drowning accidents since he was engaged in rescue work for six years, and it is very difficult to salvage drowning people in the reservoir, let alone rescue drowning people. Hu Jianqiang said that at present, the reservoirs in Yuecheng District are just public existence like roads and mountains. No reservoirs charge swimming fees because of their nature, and there are no professional rescuers to ensure their safety. Therefore, no one should take risks.

Playwright

Strengthen self-safety awareness

Qinglong Mountain Reservoir has a total storage capacity of more than 300,000 cubic meters. It is a small reservoir mainly for irrigation and combined with flood control. The height of the reservoir is more than 10 meters and the deepest part is about 7 meters. In recent years, the number of people who come here to enjoy the cool water every summer is bursting, and the local departments post warning signs around the reservoir to remind them of safety through loudspeakers, and also arrange personnel to patrol and persuade them at high frequency.

"Some tourists who go their own way will even swim to the deepest part of the reservoir center. We are constantly adding warning signs and rescue facilities around the reservoir, and we plan to add some long bamboo poles for emergency. " The staff of Fusheng Police Station of Yuecheng Public Security Bureau said that many tourists not only turned a deaf ear to their kind reminders, but sometimes laughed at them.

"As a non-drinking water reservoir, we have no right to force people to pick up from the water or prevent them from entering the water. The safety responsibility will ultimately be borne by tourists themselves." A staff member familiar with Qinglong Mountain Reservoir said that as early as 2018, a woman drowned here. A month or two earlier this year, a fisherman accidentally fell into the reservoir and drowned. On July 12, another tragedy occurred. It can be seen that swimming in the reservoir is dangerous, so players must strengthen their awareness of self-safety to prevent tragedies.

Jin Jianhao, a lawyer of Zhejiang Jindao (Shaoxing) Law Firm, said that according to the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, the main functions of reservoirs are freshwater aquaculture, irrigation, power generation and non-drinking water supply, and the main obligation of reservoir managers is to ensure sound water conservancy facilities and sound functions. Therefore, the reservoir managers need not bear the responsibility for the drowning accident, and the responsibility for the accident should be borne by the parties or their guardians.

Be yourself safe.

First responsible person

On July 12th, a young man drowned in Qinglongshan Reservoir in Yuecheng District. In midsummer, the drowning accidents of reservoir "wild swimming" are common, which makes people sigh. Tragedy repeats itself, alarm bells often ring, but there are still "brave people" who advance wave after wave. The author believes that it is necessary to weave three "protective nets", especially to keep the "protective net" of personal safety responsibility, so as to avoid tragedies from the source.

Keep the "protective net" of personal safety responsibility. Everyone is the first responsible person for his own safety, and he should think about the importance of safety and keep the responsibility of safety in every word and deed. In terms of legal liability, Article 18 of the Civil Code clearly states that adults with full capacity for civil conduct can independently carry out civil legal acts. To put it bluntly, adults can fully recognize the legal consequences of their actions, independently carry out civil legal acts of their own will, acquire civil rights and assume civil obligations for themselves, and bear full legal consequences for their actions. Adults should be aware of the risk of "wild swimming" in the reservoir. Without other infringement, once a drowning accident occurs, as the victim of the accident, there is no doubt that they are the first responsible person.

In the tragedy of drowning, if a minor, according to the law, parents have the right and obligation to educate and protect their minor children. If a minor child causes damage to others, the parents as guardians shall bear civil liability according to law. Therefore, parents are the first responsible persons for the safety of minor children.

In terms of safety responsibility, no one can be lucky. Some talented people are bold, and "wild swimming" doesn’t take any protective measures. As a result, the follower jumps into the water without taking any protective measures, gets dizzy after drinking, and plunges into the water after being tired … However, it is often in a moment of negligence that tragedy happens under the nose.

Before taking part in "wild swimming" and other similar activities, you should be predictable about the risks. The "wild swimmers" who have just experienced high temperature fatigue are prone to cramps and other phenomena. Build a strong ideological defense line, always tighten the security string, protect your personal safety, and avoid causing damage to others. Only when you are the first person responsible for your own safety can you reduce the tragedy of drowning from the source.

Improve the "protective net" of reservoir safety management. Rural reservoirs are used for flood discharge and irrigation, and do not have swimming function. However, in reality, some reservoirs are loosely managed, and people can freely enter and leave, leaving an opportunity for "wild swimming". Of course, according to the provisions of the Civil Code, as a reservoir manager, if he fails to fulfill his security obligations and causes damage to others, he shall bear tort liability. This also tells us that in the event of a "wild swimming" drowning accident, the reservoir manager may not be completely irresponsible. If he fails to fulfill his security obligations and cannot prove that he is not at fault, he needs to bear tort liability for the accident. Of course, if the reservoir management party fulfills the duty of warning and reminding others that it is forbidden to enter the reservoir without authorization, it does not need to bear tort liability.

Therefore, the management unit should build a safety net and strengthen on-site supervision and management, such as closing the reservoir waters. If it can’t be closed, we can recruit volunteers, increase the number of inspectors, increase the frequency of inspections, strengthen law enforcement, and take measures such as criticism, education and fines to keep "wild swimming" out of the library. For those who refuse to obey dissuasion and insist on wild swimming, the management can report to the public security organ for punishment.

Construct a "protective net" for outdoor safe swimming. Knowing that there are tigers in the mountains, I prefer to go to the mountains. Why do "wild swimmers" flock? The answer is simple: the natural environment of open waters is good, the water quality is good, and swimming is more delicious. In Shaoxing, a water town with dense river network, special outdoor rivers and special hydrophilic areas can be set up to meet the hydrophilic needs of the public. In fact, in the early years, a hydrophilic river was set up in the celebrity square, which was managed by special personnel on site. There were many swimmers in midsummer every year, and no drowning accident occurred. More such safe outdoor swimming places, combined with "sparse" and "guided", will naturally reduce the number of "hikers" in the reservoir.

Wild swimming is risky, so you need to be careful when you get into the water. There is only one life, and life is never repeated. Please cherish your life, be responsible for your own and others’ lives, and don’t let the tragedy happen.　

Be sure to get the aero engine up!

Wen | Xiong Wenming

This article is reproduced from WeChat WeChat official account’s "Taihe Industry Watch" (ID: taifangwu). The original article was first published on February 25, 2021 with the title "China Aero-Engine Breakthrough in All Sides", which does not represent the viewpoint of Outlook Think Tank.

Ren Zhengfei told a story: In the 1970s, British Rolls-Royce offered to sell their Spey engines to China, and were willing to sell military engines directly. The Chinese side in charge of the negotiation was overjoyed and wanted to pay tribute to the British scientists, but the British scientists said, "Thanks to the great inventions of China scientists". When China comes back, find out which scientist it is, Wu Zhonghua. Where is he? Raising pigs in Hubei. Then hurry back to Beijing to be the director of the Institute of Thermophysics.

This is a dramatic story, which was later proved to be somewhat different from reality. But what is certain is that,The three-dimensional flow technology of Spey engine is indeed based on the "three-dimensional flow theory of turbomachinery". In 1950, Wu Zhonghua read a paper at the annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in new york, and formally put forward this theory, which was later defined as "Wu’s general theory" and the basic equation in the theory was called "Wu’s equation". Wu Zhonghua’s lecture video was once used as a training material by NASA.

Ren Zhengfei felt that if we had followed Wu Zhonghua’s basic theory and made continuous breakthroughs in engineering technology, the situation of aero-engines in China today might be more optimistic.

In December 2020, the US Department of Commerce published a new list of "military end users", and 80% of the 58 China companies were related to aviation. This is not a sudden bad news. As early as the beginning of 2020, rumors of an embargo on commercial aircraft in China once triggered domestic concerns that the supply of C919 engines might be cut off. From beginning to end in 2020, the focus of American sniper will be China’s aviation industry, especially engines.

As the heart of an airplane, aero-engine is one of the most complicated engineering technologies of human beings so far.At present, many countries can build airplanes, but only the five permanent members of the United Nations, namely, the United States, Russia, Britain, France and China, can really independently develop aero-engines.

China’s aero-engine construction began in the 1950s, and it has gone through a tortuous road from imitation and improvement, to partial independent research and development, and then to completely independent research and development.

At the beginning of the 21st century, with the implementation of "two-engine special project" and the establishment of China Hangfa, the development of aero-engines in China began to enter the fast lane of catching up.In the direction of military aviation development, the self-developed "Taihang" series engines have been put into production in turn, gradually getting rid of import dependence. In the civil direction, CJ-1000A, the "Yangtze River" engine supporting C919, has entered the trial production stage, and CJ-2000 of 35-ton class has also achieved the ignition test of the core engine in 2020, and it is said that the first verification machine has been assembled.

Since the 1990s, China’s reflections and discussions on aero-engines have come and gone, and they have continued to this day. The problem has long been found, but the difficulty lies in how to solve it.

Taking the "two-aircraft special project" and the establishment of China Airlines as milestones,China has started a breakthrough from technological innovation to institutional innovation.

one

From "if there is nothing" to "cohesive development"

In 1958, Wu Daguan, known as the "father of aero-engines" in China, took the opportunity of visiting Britain and made a special trip to the Soviet Union on his way home. He wanted to ask the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the Soviet Union for verification.

After it was rumored that the Soviet Union successfully launched the world’s first artificial satellite, Khrushchev excitedly declared that planes would enter museums in the future.It means that with missile technology, airplanes are useless.. This argument spread to China, which triggered a heated debate at the decision-making level. At that time, China had copied the first turbojet engine turbojet -5 according to the Soviet BK-1φ in Shenyang Aero-Engine Factory, and the jet fighter J-5 with this engine also rushed into the blue sky in Shenyang Aircraft Factory.

Will we develop our own engine next? Fortunately, the ministers of the Soviet aviation industry reassured him: in war, although missiles have great lethality, they really have to rely on planes to conquer each other. Therefore, the United States has not stopped engaging in fighter planes, and our Soviet Union is still engaged in MIG -21.

In the early days of the founding of New China, its national strength was weak, so it could only give priority to the development of critical science and technology. In the debate on "giving priority to the development of aircraft or missiles", Qian Xuesen put forward the "Opinions on Establishing China’s National Defense Aviation Industry" to the Central Committee, advocating concentrating on the development of rockets and missiles.

After a series of investigations and discussions, the central government regards aerospace as a whole and focuses on breaking through missiles and rockets first.In the end, "two bombs and one satellite" laid the foundation of China’s international status and security, and also proved Qian Xuesen’s vision.

In February 1956, Qian Xuesen submitted to the Central Committee "Opinions on Establishing China’s National Defense Aviation Industry"

However, for a long time after the breakthrough of rocket technology, there was no overall planning for the development of aviation industry, which led to the lack of strategic traction in the independent research and development of aircraft, especially aero-engines.

Political circles are still debating whether the aviation industry belongs to high and new technology. Until 1995, when the Ninth Five-Year Plan was released, aviation technology was still not included in high and new technology. Many scientists began to worry. Seven respected and old experts, including Wang Daheng and Shi Changxu, signed a letter to state leaders to express their feelings.

Experts put forward two reasons for vigorously developing aviation technology: First, the Gulf War proved that air power still plays a decisive role in modern wars; Second, the development of aviation industry plays an obvious role in driving the national economy.Experts believe that the gap between China’s aviation technology and advanced countries is widening day by day. If it is not developed vigorously, there will not only be a military crisis, but also the huge domestic civil aviation market will be occupied by foreigners in the future.

For aero-engines, Academician Wang Daheng, the winner of the medal of "two bombs and one satellite", used the word "free" to describe it. Free does not mean nothing, but it is sometimes absent and looming.

"Free" means insufficient investment.China’s first self-designed turbofan -6 with large thrust engine lasted for 20 years, with a total development cost of 150 million RMB, and only 2 million RMB was available in two years at the critical stage of development. At the same time, it cost about $2 billion to develop an engine for an ordinary large and medium-sized aircraft in the United States.

In the 1980s, the United States successively put forward pre-research projects such as IHPTET (Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Program) and VAATE (Advanced Turbine Engine Program), and invested 5 billion and 3.7 billion US dollars respectively. China also put forward two pre-research plans for high-performance engines in the 1980s, but the total investment in 20 years is only equivalent to that of the United States in one quarter. Even if the purchasing power of money in the same period is taken into account, the gap between them is huge.

Aeroengine pre-research program in the United States

It was not until more than half a century passed that we had a deeper understanding of the strategic value and complexity of aero-engines. Since 2011, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has taken the lead in investigating and demonstrating aero-engines and gas turbines. In 2012, the "two-machine special project" was approved. In March 2016, in the 13th Five-Year National Science and Technology Innovation Plan issued by the State Council, aero-engines and gas turbines ranked first.

The implementation of the "two-engine special project" means that aero-engines as a major national strategic project will receive strong support from policies, funds and resources at present and in the future, and fundamentally solve the problem of insufficient investment.

By the end of 2020, the investment in the "two-machine special project" has reached 300 billion yuan. With the strong support of policies and funds, China’s aero-engine and gas turbine technology is accelerating to catch up with the world’s advanced level and achieve a historic leap.

2

From "Aircraft Dependence" to "Flight Separation"

"There are no planes, what do you need an engine for?"

In 1982, due to the changes in the equipment system of the National Air Force, the J -9 and J -6 planes were planned to be dismounted one after another. As its supporting power, the turbofan -6 engine is also facing dismounting because it suddenly loses its applicable object, and at this time, the turbofan -6 has gone through.18 years of hard development, just passed the 24-hour pre-flight test run. From the beginning of scheme research in 1964 to the end of development in 1984, turbofan -6 lasted for 20 years, which almost condensed the youth of a generation. According to the relevant personnel’s memories afterwards:

"At the moment when the suspension of development was announced, Wu Daguan burst into tears, and he also cried on stage."

The development was terminated due to the dismounting of the plane, and the turbofan -8 was developed by Shanghai Changzheng Machinery Factory. This large thrust civil aviation engine, which was born for Yun -10 aircraft, was successfully tested on Boeing 707 for more than a dozen times, and flew to Lhasa and other places as the heart of Yun -10. The cumulative flight time was 170 hours, and all the performances met the design standards. In 1985, Klebos, vice president of the General Aviation Engine Division of the United States, visited China and once admired the turbofan -8:

It was indeed a great achievement that you could finish such a complicated engine 10 years ago.

Turbofan -8 stopped production with Yun -10 dismounted.

Frequent dismounting of projects not only discourages the enthusiasm of researchers, but also delays the development opportunity.For a long time, the development path of aero-engines in China was "maintenance-mapping imitation-model improvement-model development-pre-research", which was basically the opposite of the path in the United States. At that time, the United States had established a mature pre-research mechanism and took a steady route of "technical pre-research-core machine-test verification".

In 2001, Wu Daguan pointed out in his article Reflections on Two Major Historical Issues of Aviation Industry,The policy of "scientific research first, power first" formulated by the aviation industry has not been agreed and implemented, and in fact it has become a general slogan.

One of the fundamental reasons why the pre-research could not be carried out was that the development of the engine was subordinate to the aircraft at that time, that is, "one factory, one model". If a factory wants to develop an airplane, there will be a research institute to develop a matching engine.The engine followed the plane, the plane project dismounted, and the engine development stopped.

On the other hand, due to the long-term lack of technical reserves and pre-research, the development cycle of aero-engine is much longer than that of aircraft, and aircraft often can’t afford to wait for the engine, so it is better to buy others’ ready-made products for independent development. Academician Liu Daxiang, an aviation power expert, once reflected on this issue:

"For a long time, too much emphasis has been placed on aircraft with engines and models with pre-research, and insufficient attention has been paid to early technical verification. Many key technologies have not been effectively broken before model establishment, and often model development is synchronized with technical research and component troubleshooting, resulting in repeated model development, which greatly delays the development cycle."

Under the collective reflection of aviation industry experts, the call for "separation of flight and development" continues to rise. In 2009, China Hangfa Commercial Aviation Engine Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "China Hangfa Commercial Engine") was established, becoming the general contractor of China’s large passenger aircraft engine project, and began to develop China civil aviation engine.

In 2016, China Aviation Engine Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "China Hangfa") was formally established, which was jointly funded by SASAC, Beijing State-owned Capital Management Center, China Aviation Industry Corporation and China Commercial Aircraft Corporation.

Since then, China has owned a national specialized aero-engine enterprise group.It means that, at least institutionally, aviation development has completely got rid of the dependence on aircraft development., towards the independent development of the sea of stars.

three

From "Imitation of Surveying and Mapping" to "Independent Research and Development"

"Buy if you can, and copy if you can’t."

The background of Ren Zhengfei’s story is the 1970s. In fact, the introduction of "Spey" engine from Britain was just an accidental episode. In the early days, most aero-engines in China came from mapping and imitation of Soviet engines. As the core technology of aviation industry, the western countries have always adopted a blockade strategy against China. After the Soviet Union cut off aid, China’s aviation industry once fell into a dilemma of no availability. In 1972, British Rolls-Royce offered to provide Spey MK202 engine to China, and at the same time transferred technology, which was quite unexpected.

Spey MK202 engine

In December 1975, China and Britain signed a purchase contract of about 77 million pounds.The original plan is divided into two steps. It will take three years to learn how to assemble qualified Speer with imported parts, and then five years to realize localization.. In 1980, the Spey engine developed and assembled according to British wool was tested in Britain. However, in the national economic adjustment in the 1980s, it faced the same reality as turbofan -6, so the localization process was suspended for more than ten years.

It lasted for 30 years before and after the localization of Spey, which is very emotional. Because we couldn’t wait for the engine, in order to ensure the production of the aircraft, we first used the Spey engines stored for 20 years, and then bought a batch of second-hand engines from Britain. Until around 2010, turbofan -9 finally kept up with the progress and realized continuous mass production supply.

The turbofan -9 "Qinling" engine developed from Sibei belongs to "partially independent design". Before that, most of us were "copying and improving" Soviet engines.Long-term measurement and imitation lead to the fact that the technical ability of the institute is even inferior to that of the factory, and the technology cannot be digested and its own research and development system cannot be formed.

It was not until 2002 that the domestic turbojet -14 "Kunlun" engine was finalized that China completed the whole process of self-development for the first time.

In December 2005, the domestic turbofan -10 "Taihang" developed by Shenyang Liming Engine Company passed the life test and became the first large thrust turbofan engine with independent intellectual property rights in China. "Taihang" took 27 years from the pre-research in 1978 to the project establishment in 1987, and then to the completion of the design finalization examination at the end of December 2005. This process can be said to be stumbling, and even the explosion of the testing machine occurred.

Until 2011, the maximum afterburner thrust of turbofan -10 was determined to be 125KN, which means that this "domestic heart" with high hopes has finally entered the mass production state. "Taihang" has finally passed the stage of being criticized by netizens as "not very good", and its performance in recent years can be regarded as disappointing. Up to now, no fighter plane carrying "Taihang" has crashed due to engine failure.

From imitation and improvement, to partial independent research and development, and then to having independent intellectual property rights, China aviation industry people clearly realize that key areas must be self-reliant and core technologies must be mastered by themselves.However, as the most complex industrial field of mankind, the development of aero-engines cannot be done behind closed doors.

The development of turbofan -10 has also learned from others’ strengths. For example, the core engine principle draws lessons from the F-110 commonly used in the United States. In order to meet the actual domestic installation demand, Su -27 was introduced as a flight test platform, and a lot of technical experience of the supporting power system AL-31F of Su -27 was digested and absorbed. Like many domestic equipment technologies in China at present, turbofan -10 does not copy Russian products or blindly follow hairdressing, but absorbs the experience of the United States and Russia at the same time, and then explores a technical route that conforms to China’s reality.

Main military aero-engine models developed in China.

From "filling in the blanks" to "looking back", it is not easy to finally ensure that it is "neck and neck" with developed countries.After the establishment of China Hangfa, a "three-step" road map was established.

The first step is to narrow the gap with the advanced level of foreign aero-engines, initially establish an independent innovation research and development system for aero-engines, and lay a foundation for development;

The second step is to basically build an independent innovation research and development system for aero-engines;

The third step is to complete the independent development process of representative models, build the basic research, product development and industrial system of independent innovation, basically realize the strategic transformation of independent innovation and development, and make China Hangfa an innovative enterprise with international competitiveness.

four

From "Closed Independence" to "Open Integration"

"Small core, great collaboration, specialization and openness."

In the first half century, the development of aero-engines in China was not smooth. From the 1990s to the beginning of this century, there were many reflections on the lagging development of aero-engines in China.The old experts concluded that "our understanding of the development law of aviation technology is insufficient, and we lack long-term planning and stable planning", but the deeper reason lies in the system.

The American military industry model is based on enterprises.Boeing, Loma, Nuoge and other dual-use groups are the main manufacturers, Raytheon, Holwell, Pratt & Whitney, General Motors and other groups provide sub-system support for them, and thousands of dual-use enterprises such as TI and ADI are responsible for supplying materials and parts, forming a pyramid-shaped integration of defense and civilian technologies ecological circle with open cooperation, step-by-step competition and professional subdivision.

During the Cold War, the United States once supported two aviation giants, GE and PW, through the horizontal competition mechanism controlled by the government. In 1968, the US Department of Defense asked Pratt & Whitney and GM to manufacture and test one engine each. This government-led "selecting the best to help the strong" has achieved remarkable results, and finally achieved the famous GM F-110 engine and Pratt & Whitney F-100 engine.

F110-GE engine

Pratt & Whitney initially won the competition and signed the contract first. Although GM was at a disadvantage in the initial competition, it subsequently launched an improved F110-GE-129, and Pratt & Whitney developed an improved F100-PW-229 to compete with it.

In February, 1984, the United States Air Force purchased F100 and F110 in proportion according to the double contractor procurement strategy, and basically they were exposed to rain and dew. It is under such a "horse racing" mechanism and order support that the two companies have grown into the world’s top aero-engine companies.

For a long time, China’s military industrial model is dominated by military industrial groups with strong administrative color, and scientific research tasks are coordinated, coordinated and protected in a highly planned way. The general research institute to the assembly plant, and the supporting research institute to the supporting plant are mostlyIn the state of "vertical cooperation and fragmentation", military and civilian lines are separated, forming a closed monopoly system with separation of research and development, lack of competition and self-protection.

The establishment of the "Two-Aircraft Project" and China Aviation Development Co., Ltd. is escorted by the in-depth promotion of the national integration of defense and civilian technologies strategy. In 2016, the Opinions on the Integrated Development of Economic Construction and National Defense Construction issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission clearly proposed to deepen the reform of the national defense science, technology and industry system, further break the industry closure, expand the introduction of social capital, highlight core capabilities, liberalize general capabilities, promote socialized cooperation, and promote the professional reorganization of military enterprises.

Breaking the binary separation of military and civilian and promoting open integration are not only institutional breakthroughs, but also the reshaping and integration of the industrial chain.Taking the aviation industry as an example, the "main manufacturer-supplier" model that the United States has been pursuing is being followed by global aviation manufacturing enterprises. In this mode, the development of an aircraft requires the early intervention of suppliers and joint participation in research and development.

The main manufacturer splits its subordinate manufacturing units and becomes a system integrated manufacturing role, getting rid of the "heavy-load" link of "manufacturing production", which requires high load to produce benefits, and enhancing its ability to cope with market changes; Suppliers can focus on the research and development and technical strength reserve of a certain subsystem, so as to be more professional and efficient.

As the core system of an aircraft, aero-engine open cooperation can also greatly improve the development efficiency. For example, since 2004, Rolls-Royce Company has only produced 30% of the core components and the highest added value, and subcontracted the remaining 70%, thus reducing the manufacturing and purchasing costs of all engine parts as much as possible under the premise of controllable risks.

On this basis, China Hangfa has further determined the development mode of "small core, large cooperation, specialization and openness", which means that the development of China aero-engine can attract more extensive external forces to participate in the cooperation nationwide and even globally, and enterprises can concentrate on improving key core capabilities. According to the disclosed information, there are currently more than 350 suppliers participating in the "Yangtze River" series of engines, initially forming a global supply chain. At the same time, 69 suppliers from 16 countries are willing to participate in the commercial engine project in China.

Historical lessons have proved that you can’t build an engine behind closed doors.

Aeroengine is composed of tens of thousands of precision parts, which has a long development cycle and involves a wide range of fields. Independent research and development of aero-engines is an arduous challenge to the current basic disciplines, design, materials and technology. China has a complete range of manufacturing industries and abundant resources, but the support provided by basic industries is far from enough. Through open integration, the standards and data barriers in the upstream industrial chain (such as materials, machining, measurement and testing, etc.) can accelerate the integration of manufacturing resources, enrich and improve the industrial chain, and maximize the cost reduction and efficiency improvement of the whole industry.

Due to the historical debts and the current technical blockade, it is doomed that the breakthrough road of China aero-engine is still bumpy, which requires great determination, patience and wisdom. But the first light on this road has shown us the way.

References:

[1] Wu Daguan, thinking about two major historical issues of aviation industry, 2001.

[2] Yang Kemin, 100 people who moved China since the founding of New China: Wu Daguan, 2012.

[3] Zhao Yining, Great Country Project, 2018

[4] Liu Daxiang Jinjie Peng Youmei Hu Xiaoyu, Development Status and Key Technology Analysis of Large Aircraft Engines, 2008.

[5] Liu Daxiang, a historic opportunity for the development of aviation power, 2005.

[6] Han Xinwei, Chen Liangyou, Wu Hao, Countermeasures for Accelerating the Development of Aero-engines in China, 2003.

[7] Wen Junfeng, Brief Introduction and Thinking of Aeroengine Development, World Passenger Aircraft Research and Development, 1998.

[8] Han Rui, Lilac, Brief Introduction and Thinking on the Development of Aeroengines, 2012

[9] Pei Yu, further progress in the "domestic heart" of large aircraft, commissioning of CR929 engine verification machine, 2020

[10] Liu Zhenmin, China aero-engine industry development from the perspective of system innovation, 2019.

Original title: "At the moment of announcing the suspension of research and development, the audience cried" … Now China is no longer afraid of sniping! 》

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CCTV News:In order to further promote the development of the language service industry, expand the export scale of language services and enhance the national language service capacity, the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Education and other departments have built a number of language service export bases this year, which have made continuous progress in technology while cultivating language translators.

Liu Junrong is an English translator, majoring in language from undergraduate to graduate. Her first part-time job was not as an English tutor, but as a part-time translator on a language website.

Liu Junrong, an English interpreter in the translation center of a language information technology company in Sichuan;The business volume is very large, and there are many fields and languages. Because I am engaged in English, I chose the social science field that I am interested in, so that I can earn some pocket money and improve my study skills.

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　　　　　　 Zhu Xianchao, Chairman of a Language Information Technology Company in Sichuan:In the future, we will actively expand overseas markets and plan to open branches or offices in Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa and other places to provide more convenient localization services for China enterprises to go overseas and overseas enterprises to invest in China.

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In recent years, with the continuous spread of overseas epidemic, the environment of international trade and cross-border communication has changed, which has a certain impact on the development of interpretation services such as overseas interpreters’ stationing and exhibition services. In the face of sudden challenges, this company chose to persist in continuous research and development in technology and strive to surpass the curve.

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