Warning everywhere

Natural baths are still raging.

The tragic incident sounded the alarm for the reservoir players. However, after the drowning accident, there are still hundreds of people "hiking" every day in Qinglong Mountain Reservoir.

"The accident happened on July 12, and there were fewer people swimming on the 13th, but the next two days happened to be weekends, and there were more people playing with water. On the afternoon of the 16th, there were fewer talents because of the heavy rain." The relevant staff of Fusheng Police Station of Yuecheng District Public Security Bureau told the reporter that after the accident, they strengthened the inspection and pulled up a huge red warning banner on the dam of the reservoir.

On the afternoon of July 14th, the reporter came to the reservoir specially, heard the incessant horn call of "No Entry into the Water", and saw various fixed warning signs, which read, "There have been many drowning accidents in this reservoir over the years! The water depth of the reservoir, please pay attention to safety! " "The water depth is dangerous, pay attention to safety" and so on.

The reporter saw that Shaoxing Yuchacun Tea Industry Co., Ltd. specially set up a warm reminder iron sign beside the reservoir, which said that the water in Qinglongshan Reservoir is deep, the water temperature is low and there is obvious stratification. Please pay attention to safety, do a good job of personal protection, and take responsibility for accidents. The reservoir is the core scenic spot of Matcha Town. Please take all the garbage away or put it in the dustbin.

"The Qinglong Mountain Reservoir in Fusheng Town, Yuecheng District, with tea gardens, reservoirs and green hills set each other off, is a well-known punching point in online celebrity. Every summer, the temperature here is several degrees Celsius lower than that in the urban area, which is a good place to cool off in summer. " Mr. Jin, who came here to swim, told reporters that he is an outdoor sports enthusiast and has been swimming in Qinglong Mountain for 10 years. In recent years, there are more and more people playing with water in the reservoir, especially in the evening on hot days in summer. Traffic police have to be dispatched to maintain order, otherwise, the vehicles driving to swim in Qinglong Mountain will be easily blocked. After the accident, the "natural bathing place" is still "noisy".

Difficulties in road closure

The relevant departments are helpless.

The reporter learned that there are two routes to the reservoir. One is to go directly to the reservoir from Yucha Village Tea Demonstration Park. This road is not accessible by the staff of the demonstration park. The other road is from the Zanggong line in Huangjiaao Natural Village, Paikou Village, Gaobu Street.

The staff of Shaoxing Yuchacun Tea Industry Co., Ltd. told the reporter that although tea gardens are often irrigated with water from Qinglongshan Reservoir with the consent of relevant departments, Qinglongshan Reservoir does not belong to Yuchacun. From the perspective of tea garden management, the meeting of people flow brings many problems, but the company is not the owner of the reservoir and cannot stop tourists from visiting the reservoir.

"It is suggested that we close the road to ensure safety." The relevant staff of Fusheng Town Government said that the road to Qinglongshan Reservoir belongs to Gaobu Street, and they have no right to close the road. The staff of Gaobu Street also recognized this statement. Why don’t Gaobu Street block the road leading to Qinglong Mountain? The relevant staff explained that the villagers often have to take care of the mountain behind the reservoir, and the road closure will definitely be complained by them.

Outdoor swimming

Two conditions are indispensable.

Xiaojin, a winter swimmer, is a frequent visitor to Qinglong Mountain Reservoir. He is worried about the swimmers who come here.

Xiaojin told reporters that even if it snows, there are tourists visiting Qinglong Mountain. Outdoor swimmers generally receive strict safety education, knowing that reservoir swimming is also a dangerous place for experienced swimmers at any time, so they will take safety measures in advance. "There are two conditions for outdoor swimming, both of which are indispensable. First, the buoyancy ball must be tied, and the tightness and tension should be checked before launching to ensure safety; Second, many companions must go together, so that they can pay attention to each other’s safety in the reservoir. Once an accident occurs, it is relatively easy to rescue. "If we forget to bring the buoyancy ball, we would rather run empty than go into the water."

"It is a great safety hazard to swim outdoors without a buoyancy ball." Outdoor swimmer "Shui Ge" said that it is difficult to accurately find the drowning person in a wide water area for timely rescue without a buoyancy ball. At the same time, because the water area is wide and unfathomable, it is more difficult to rescue than the swimming pool.

The reporter saw from the photos and videos sent by Xiaojin and others that after the drowning accident in Qinglongshan Reservoir, the enthusiasm of wild swimmers has not diminished, and "outdoor swimming white" is still the mainstream. There are so many people in swimsuits in the huge reservoir, but there are few bright buoyancy balls and life jackets.

Reservoir drowning

It hurts to be helpless.

"There were several people who came to the reservoir to swim with the drowning young man that day. They soon found that they could not find him and called the police. The police are also very fast, but it is really not easy to find someone in such a large reservoir. " Aunt Li from Zangong Village, Fusheng Town goes for a walk in Qinglongshan Reservoir every evening. She and some villagers witnessed the rescue situation at that time.

"When it was salvaged, everyone was sorry to see that the deceased was so young." A staff member who participated in the rescue at the scene said that even if someone saw drowning, it was very difficult to rescue. Last year, in Longchuan ‘ao Reservoir, Wufengling, not far from here, a young man fell into the water playing with paddles, and his companions and villagers at the reservoir could only watch him slide farther and farther with heartache, but they were helpless.

The reporter also learned that in another reservoir last year, a local villager who often swam in the reservoir slipped farther and farther in the reservoir because he didn’t wear a buoyancy ball, which led to the tragedy of drowning. "The reason is unknown, it may be dizziness, or it may be caused by cramping in the water or sudden cardiovascular disease." Witnesses said.

"When there is drowning in the reservoir, it is difficult to rescue even trained professionals. In short, the reservoir is not a place to swim. " Hu Jianqiang, a member of Shaoxing Jiulong Rescue Team, told reporters that he has participated in about 100 summer reservoir swimming and drowning accidents since he was engaged in rescue work for six years, and it is very difficult to salvage drowning people in the reservoir, let alone rescue drowning people. Hu Jianqiang said that at present, the reservoirs in Yuecheng District are just public existence like roads and mountains. No reservoirs charge swimming fees because of their nature, and there are no professional rescuers to ensure their safety. Therefore, no one should take risks.

Playwright

Strengthen self-safety awareness

Qinglong Mountain Reservoir has a total storage capacity of more than 300,000 cubic meters. It is a small reservoir mainly for irrigation and combined with flood control. The height of the reservoir is more than 10 meters and the deepest part is about 7 meters. In recent years, the number of people who come here to enjoy the cool water every summer is bursting, and the local departments post warning signs around the reservoir to remind them of safety through loudspeakers, and also arrange personnel to patrol and persuade them at high frequency.

"Some tourists who go their own way will even swim to the deepest part of the reservoir center. We are constantly adding warning signs and rescue facilities around the reservoir, and we plan to add some long bamboo poles for emergency. " The staff of Fusheng Police Station of Yuecheng Public Security Bureau said that many tourists not only turned a deaf ear to their kind reminders, but sometimes laughed at them.

"As a non-drinking water reservoir, we have no right to force people to pick up from the water or prevent them from entering the water. The safety responsibility will ultimately be borne by tourists themselves." A staff member familiar with Qinglong Mountain Reservoir said that as early as 2018, a woman drowned here. A month or two earlier this year, a fisherman accidentally fell into the reservoir and drowned. On July 12, another tragedy occurred. It can be seen that swimming in the reservoir is dangerous, so players must strengthen their awareness of self-safety to prevent tragedies.

Jin Jianhao, a lawyer of Zhejiang Jindao (Shaoxing) Law Firm, said that according to the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, the main functions of reservoirs are freshwater aquaculture, irrigation, power generation and non-drinking water supply, and the main obligation of reservoir managers is to ensure sound water conservancy facilities and sound functions. Therefore, the reservoir managers need not bear the responsibility for the drowning accident, and the responsibility for the accident should be borne by the parties or their guardians.

Be yourself safe.

First responsible person

On July 12th, a young man drowned in Qinglongshan Reservoir in Yuecheng District. In midsummer, the drowning accidents of reservoir "wild swimming" are common, which makes people sigh. Tragedy repeats itself, alarm bells often ring, but there are still "brave people" who advance wave after wave. The author believes that it is necessary to weave three "protective nets", especially to keep the "protective net" of personal safety responsibility, so as to avoid tragedies from the source.

Keep the "protective net" of personal safety responsibility. Everyone is the first responsible person for his own safety, and he should think about the importance of safety and keep the responsibility of safety in every word and deed. In terms of legal liability, Article 18 of the Civil Code clearly states that adults with full capacity for civil conduct can independently carry out civil legal acts. To put it bluntly, adults can fully recognize the legal consequences of their actions, independently carry out civil legal acts of their own will, acquire civil rights and assume civil obligations for themselves, and bear full legal consequences for their actions. Adults should be aware of the risk of "wild swimming" in the reservoir. Without other infringement, once a drowning accident occurs, as the victim of the accident, there is no doubt that they are the first responsible person.

In the tragedy of drowning, if a minor, according to the law, parents have the right and obligation to educate and protect their minor children. If a minor child causes damage to others, the parents as guardians shall bear civil liability according to law. Therefore, parents are the first responsible persons for the safety of minor children.

In terms of safety responsibility, no one can be lucky. Some talented people are bold, and "wild swimming" doesn’t take any protective measures. As a result, the follower jumps into the water without taking any protective measures, gets dizzy after drinking, and plunges into the water after being tired … However, it is often in a moment of negligence that tragedy happens under the nose.

Before taking part in "wild swimming" and other similar activities, you should be predictable about the risks. The "wild swimmers" who have just experienced high temperature fatigue are prone to cramps and other phenomena. Build a strong ideological defense line, always tighten the security string, protect your personal safety, and avoid causing damage to others. Only when you are the first person responsible for your own safety can you reduce the tragedy of drowning from the source.

Improve the "protective net" of reservoir safety management. Rural reservoirs are used for flood discharge and irrigation, and do not have swimming function. However, in reality, some reservoirs are loosely managed, and people can freely enter and leave, leaving an opportunity for "wild swimming". Of course, according to the provisions of the Civil Code, as a reservoir manager, if he fails to fulfill his security obligations and causes damage to others, he shall bear tort liability. This also tells us that in the event of a "wild swimming" drowning accident, the reservoir manager may not be completely irresponsible. If he fails to fulfill his security obligations and cannot prove that he is not at fault, he needs to bear tort liability for the accident. Of course, if the reservoir management party fulfills the duty of warning and reminding others that it is forbidden to enter the reservoir without authorization, it does not need to bear tort liability.

Therefore, the management unit should build a safety net and strengthen on-site supervision and management, such as closing the reservoir waters. If it can’t be closed, we can recruit volunteers, increase the number of inspectors, increase the frequency of inspections, strengthen law enforcement, and take measures such as criticism, education and fines to keep "wild swimming" out of the library. For those who refuse to obey dissuasion and insist on wild swimming, the management can report to the public security organ for punishment.

Construct a "protective net" for outdoor safe swimming. Knowing that there are tigers in the mountains, I prefer to go to the mountains. Why do "wild swimmers" flock? The answer is simple: the natural environment of open waters is good, the water quality is good, and swimming is more delicious. In Shaoxing, a water town with dense river network, special outdoor rivers and special hydrophilic areas can be set up to meet the hydrophilic needs of the public. In fact, in the early years, a hydrophilic river was set up in the celebrity square, which was managed by special personnel on site. There were many swimmers in midsummer every year, and no drowning accident occurred. More such safe outdoor swimming places, combined with "sparse" and "guided", will naturally reduce the number of "hikers" in the reservoir.

Wild swimming is risky, so you need to be careful when you get into the water. There is only one life, and life is never repeated. Please cherish your life, be responsible for your own and others’ lives, and don’t let the tragedy happen.　

Be sure to get the aero engine up!

Wen | Xiong Wenming

This article is reproduced from WeChat WeChat official account’s "Taihe Industry Watch" (ID: taifangwu). The original article was first published on February 25, 2021 with the title "China Aero-Engine Breakthrough in All Sides", which does not represent the viewpoint of Outlook Think Tank.

Ren Zhengfei told a story: In the 1970s, British Rolls-Royce offered to sell their Spey engines to China, and were willing to sell military engines directly. The Chinese side in charge of the negotiation was overjoyed and wanted to pay tribute to the British scientists, but the British scientists said, "Thanks to the great inventions of China scientists". When China comes back, find out which scientist it is, Wu Zhonghua. Where is he? Raising pigs in Hubei. Then hurry back to Beijing to be the director of the Institute of Thermophysics.

This is a dramatic story, which was later proved to be somewhat different from reality. But what is certain is that,The three-dimensional flow technology of Spey engine is indeed based on the "three-dimensional flow theory of turbomachinery". In 1950, Wu Zhonghua read a paper at the annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in new york, and formally put forward this theory, which was later defined as "Wu’s general theory" and the basic equation in the theory was called "Wu’s equation". Wu Zhonghua’s lecture video was once used as a training material by NASA.

Ren Zhengfei felt that if we had followed Wu Zhonghua’s basic theory and made continuous breakthroughs in engineering technology, the situation of aero-engines in China today might be more optimistic.

In December 2020, the US Department of Commerce published a new list of "military end users", and 80% of the 58 China companies were related to aviation. This is not a sudden bad news. As early as the beginning of 2020, rumors of an embargo on commercial aircraft in China once triggered domestic concerns that the supply of C919 engines might be cut off. From beginning to end in 2020, the focus of American sniper will be China’s aviation industry, especially engines.

As the heart of an airplane, aero-engine is one of the most complicated engineering technologies of human beings so far.At present, many countries can build airplanes, but only the five permanent members of the United Nations, namely, the United States, Russia, Britain, France and China, can really independently develop aero-engines.

China’s aero-engine construction began in the 1950s, and it has gone through a tortuous road from imitation and improvement, to partial independent research and development, and then to completely independent research and development.

At the beginning of the 21st century, with the implementation of "two-engine special project" and the establishment of China Hangfa, the development of aero-engines in China began to enter the fast lane of catching up.In the direction of military aviation development, the self-developed "Taihang" series engines have been put into production in turn, gradually getting rid of import dependence. In the civil direction, CJ-1000A, the "Yangtze River" engine supporting C919, has entered the trial production stage, and CJ-2000 of 35-ton class has also achieved the ignition test of the core engine in 2020, and it is said that the first verification machine has been assembled.

Since the 1990s, China’s reflections and discussions on aero-engines have come and gone, and they have continued to this day. The problem has long been found, but the difficulty lies in how to solve it.

Taking the "two-aircraft special project" and the establishment of China Airlines as milestones,China has started a breakthrough from technological innovation to institutional innovation.

one

From "if there is nothing" to "cohesive development"

In 1958, Wu Daguan, known as the "father of aero-engines" in China, took the opportunity of visiting Britain and made a special trip to the Soviet Union on his way home. He wanted to ask the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the Soviet Union for verification.

After it was rumored that the Soviet Union successfully launched the world’s first artificial satellite, Khrushchev excitedly declared that planes would enter museums in the future.It means that with missile technology, airplanes are useless.. This argument spread to China, which triggered a heated debate at the decision-making level. At that time, China had copied the first turbojet engine turbojet -5 according to the Soviet BK-1φ in Shenyang Aero-Engine Factory, and the jet fighter J-5 with this engine also rushed into the blue sky in Shenyang Aircraft Factory.

Will we develop our own engine next? Fortunately, the ministers of the Soviet aviation industry reassured him: in war, although missiles have great lethality, they really have to rely on planes to conquer each other. Therefore, the United States has not stopped engaging in fighter planes, and our Soviet Union is still engaged in MIG -21.

In the early days of the founding of New China, its national strength was weak, so it could only give priority to the development of critical science and technology. In the debate on "giving priority to the development of aircraft or missiles", Qian Xuesen put forward the "Opinions on Establishing China’s National Defense Aviation Industry" to the Central Committee, advocating concentrating on the development of rockets and missiles.

After a series of investigations and discussions, the central government regards aerospace as a whole and focuses on breaking through missiles and rockets first.In the end, "two bombs and one satellite" laid the foundation of China’s international status and security, and also proved Qian Xuesen’s vision.

In February 1956, Qian Xuesen submitted to the Central Committee "Opinions on Establishing China’s National Defense Aviation Industry"

However, for a long time after the breakthrough of rocket technology, there was no overall planning for the development of aviation industry, which led to the lack of strategic traction in the independent research and development of aircraft, especially aero-engines.

Political circles are still debating whether the aviation industry belongs to high and new technology. Until 1995, when the Ninth Five-Year Plan was released, aviation technology was still not included in high and new technology. Many scientists began to worry. Seven respected and old experts, including Wang Daheng and Shi Changxu, signed a letter to state leaders to express their feelings.

Experts put forward two reasons for vigorously developing aviation technology: First, the Gulf War proved that air power still plays a decisive role in modern wars; Second, the development of aviation industry plays an obvious role in driving the national economy.Experts believe that the gap between China’s aviation technology and advanced countries is widening day by day. If it is not developed vigorously, there will not only be a military crisis, but also the huge domestic civil aviation market will be occupied by foreigners in the future.

For aero-engines, Academician Wang Daheng, the winner of the medal of "two bombs and one satellite", used the word "free" to describe it. Free does not mean nothing, but it is sometimes absent and looming.

"Free" means insufficient investment.China’s first self-designed turbofan -6 with large thrust engine lasted for 20 years, with a total development cost of 150 million RMB, and only 2 million RMB was available in two years at the critical stage of development. At the same time, it cost about $2 billion to develop an engine for an ordinary large and medium-sized aircraft in the United States.

In the 1980s, the United States successively put forward pre-research projects such as IHPTET (Integrated High Performance Turbine Engine Program) and VAATE (Advanced Turbine Engine Program), and invested 5 billion and 3.7 billion US dollars respectively. China also put forward two pre-research plans for high-performance engines in the 1980s, but the total investment in 20 years is only equivalent to that of the United States in one quarter. Even if the purchasing power of money in the same period is taken into account, the gap between them is huge.

Aeroengine pre-research program in the United States

It was not until more than half a century passed that we had a deeper understanding of the strategic value and complexity of aero-engines. Since 2011, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has taken the lead in investigating and demonstrating aero-engines and gas turbines. In 2012, the "two-machine special project" was approved. In March 2016, in the 13th Five-Year National Science and Technology Innovation Plan issued by the State Council, aero-engines and gas turbines ranked first.

The implementation of the "two-engine special project" means that aero-engines as a major national strategic project will receive strong support from policies, funds and resources at present and in the future, and fundamentally solve the problem of insufficient investment.

By the end of 2020, the investment in the "two-machine special project" has reached 300 billion yuan. With the strong support of policies and funds, China’s aero-engine and gas turbine technology is accelerating to catch up with the world’s advanced level and achieve a historic leap.

2

From "Aircraft Dependence" to "Flight Separation"

"There are no planes, what do you need an engine for?"

In 1982, due to the changes in the equipment system of the National Air Force, the J -9 and J -6 planes were planned to be dismounted one after another. As its supporting power, the turbofan -6 engine is also facing dismounting because it suddenly loses its applicable object, and at this time, the turbofan -6 has gone through.18 years of hard development, just passed the 24-hour pre-flight test run. From the beginning of scheme research in 1964 to the end of development in 1984, turbofan -6 lasted for 20 years, which almost condensed the youth of a generation. According to the relevant personnel’s memories afterwards:

"At the moment when the suspension of development was announced, Wu Daguan burst into tears, and he also cried on stage."

The development was terminated due to the dismounting of the plane, and the turbofan -8 was developed by Shanghai Changzheng Machinery Factory. This large thrust civil aviation engine, which was born for Yun -10 aircraft, was successfully tested on Boeing 707 for more than a dozen times, and flew to Lhasa and other places as the heart of Yun -10. The cumulative flight time was 170 hours, and all the performances met the design standards. In 1985, Klebos, vice president of the General Aviation Engine Division of the United States, visited China and once admired the turbofan -8:

It was indeed a great achievement that you could finish such a complicated engine 10 years ago.

Turbofan -8 stopped production with Yun -10 dismounted.

Frequent dismounting of projects not only discourages the enthusiasm of researchers, but also delays the development opportunity.For a long time, the development path of aero-engines in China was "maintenance-mapping imitation-model improvement-model development-pre-research", which was basically the opposite of the path in the United States. At that time, the United States had established a mature pre-research mechanism and took a steady route of "technical pre-research-core machine-test verification".

In 2001, Wu Daguan pointed out in his article Reflections on Two Major Historical Issues of Aviation Industry,The policy of "scientific research first, power first" formulated by the aviation industry has not been agreed and implemented, and in fact it has become a general slogan.

One of the fundamental reasons why the pre-research could not be carried out was that the development of the engine was subordinate to the aircraft at that time, that is, "one factory, one model". If a factory wants to develop an airplane, there will be a research institute to develop a matching engine.The engine followed the plane, the plane project dismounted, and the engine development stopped.

On the other hand, due to the long-term lack of technical reserves and pre-research, the development cycle of aero-engine is much longer than that of aircraft, and aircraft often can’t afford to wait for the engine, so it is better to buy others’ ready-made products for independent development. Academician Liu Daxiang, an aviation power expert, once reflected on this issue:

"For a long time, too much emphasis has been placed on aircraft with engines and models with pre-research, and insufficient attention has been paid to early technical verification. Many key technologies have not been effectively broken before model establishment, and often model development is synchronized with technical research and component troubleshooting, resulting in repeated model development, which greatly delays the development cycle."

Under the collective reflection of aviation industry experts, the call for "separation of flight and development" continues to rise. In 2009, China Hangfa Commercial Aviation Engine Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "China Hangfa Commercial Engine") was established, becoming the general contractor of China’s large passenger aircraft engine project, and began to develop China civil aviation engine.

In 2016, China Aviation Engine Group Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "China Hangfa") was formally established, which was jointly funded by SASAC, Beijing State-owned Capital Management Center, China Aviation Industry Corporation and China Commercial Aircraft Corporation.

Since then, China has owned a national specialized aero-engine enterprise group.It means that, at least institutionally, aviation development has completely got rid of the dependence on aircraft development., towards the independent development of the sea of stars.

three

From "Imitation of Surveying and Mapping" to "Independent Research and Development"

"Buy if you can, and copy if you can’t."

The background of Ren Zhengfei’s story is the 1970s. In fact, the introduction of "Spey" engine from Britain was just an accidental episode. In the early days, most aero-engines in China came from mapping and imitation of Soviet engines. As the core technology of aviation industry, the western countries have always adopted a blockade strategy against China. After the Soviet Union cut off aid, China’s aviation industry once fell into a dilemma of no availability. In 1972, British Rolls-Royce offered to provide Spey MK202 engine to China, and at the same time transferred technology, which was quite unexpected.

Spey MK202 engine

In December 1975, China and Britain signed a purchase contract of about 77 million pounds.The original plan is divided into two steps. It will take three years to learn how to assemble qualified Speer with imported parts, and then five years to realize localization.. In 1980, the Spey engine developed and assembled according to British wool was tested in Britain. However, in the national economic adjustment in the 1980s, it faced the same reality as turbofan -6, so the localization process was suspended for more than ten years.

It lasted for 30 years before and after the localization of Spey, which is very emotional. Because we couldn’t wait for the engine, in order to ensure the production of the aircraft, we first used the Spey engines stored for 20 years, and then bought a batch of second-hand engines from Britain. Until around 2010, turbofan -9 finally kept up with the progress and realized continuous mass production supply.

The turbofan -9 "Qinling" engine developed from Sibei belongs to "partially independent design". Before that, most of us were "copying and improving" Soviet engines.Long-term measurement and imitation lead to the fact that the technical ability of the institute is even inferior to that of the factory, and the technology cannot be digested and its own research and development system cannot be formed.

It was not until 2002 that the domestic turbojet -14 "Kunlun" engine was finalized that China completed the whole process of self-development for the first time.

In December 2005, the domestic turbofan -10 "Taihang" developed by Shenyang Liming Engine Company passed the life test and became the first large thrust turbofan engine with independent intellectual property rights in China. "Taihang" took 27 years from the pre-research in 1978 to the project establishment in 1987, and then to the completion of the design finalization examination at the end of December 2005. This process can be said to be stumbling, and even the explosion of the testing machine occurred.

Until 2011, the maximum afterburner thrust of turbofan -10 was determined to be 125KN, which means that this "domestic heart" with high hopes has finally entered the mass production state. "Taihang" has finally passed the stage of being criticized by netizens as "not very good", and its performance in recent years can be regarded as disappointing. Up to now, no fighter plane carrying "Taihang" has crashed due to engine failure.

From imitation and improvement, to partial independent research and development, and then to having independent intellectual property rights, China aviation industry people clearly realize that key areas must be self-reliant and core technologies must be mastered by themselves.However, as the most complex industrial field of mankind, the development of aero-engines cannot be done behind closed doors.

The development of turbofan -10 has also learned from others’ strengths. For example, the core engine principle draws lessons from the F-110 commonly used in the United States. In order to meet the actual domestic installation demand, Su -27 was introduced as a flight test platform, and a lot of technical experience of the supporting power system AL-31F of Su -27 was digested and absorbed. Like many domestic equipment technologies in China at present, turbofan -10 does not copy Russian products or blindly follow hairdressing, but absorbs the experience of the United States and Russia at the same time, and then explores a technical route that conforms to China’s reality.

Main military aero-engine models developed in China.

From "filling in the blanks" to "looking back", it is not easy to finally ensure that it is "neck and neck" with developed countries.After the establishment of China Hangfa, a "three-step" road map was established.

The first step is to narrow the gap with the advanced level of foreign aero-engines, initially establish an independent innovation research and development system for aero-engines, and lay a foundation for development;

The second step is to basically build an independent innovation research and development system for aero-engines;

The third step is to complete the independent development process of representative models, build the basic research, product development and industrial system of independent innovation, basically realize the strategic transformation of independent innovation and development, and make China Hangfa an innovative enterprise with international competitiveness.

four

From "Closed Independence" to "Open Integration"

"Small core, great collaboration, specialization and openness."

In the first half century, the development of aero-engines in China was not smooth. From the 1990s to the beginning of this century, there were many reflections on the lagging development of aero-engines in China.The old experts concluded that "our understanding of the development law of aviation technology is insufficient, and we lack long-term planning and stable planning", but the deeper reason lies in the system.

The American military industry model is based on enterprises.Boeing, Loma, Nuoge and other dual-use groups are the main manufacturers, Raytheon, Holwell, Pratt & Whitney, General Motors and other groups provide sub-system support for them, and thousands of dual-use enterprises such as TI and ADI are responsible for supplying materials and parts, forming a pyramid-shaped integration of defense and civilian technologies ecological circle with open cooperation, step-by-step competition and professional subdivision.

During the Cold War, the United States once supported two aviation giants, GE and PW, through the horizontal competition mechanism controlled by the government. In 1968, the US Department of Defense asked Pratt & Whitney and GM to manufacture and test one engine each. This government-led "selecting the best to help the strong" has achieved remarkable results, and finally achieved the famous GM F-110 engine and Pratt & Whitney F-100 engine.

F110-GE engine

Pratt & Whitney initially won the competition and signed the contract first. Although GM was at a disadvantage in the initial competition, it subsequently launched an improved F110-GE-129, and Pratt & Whitney developed an improved F100-PW-229 to compete with it.

In February, 1984, the United States Air Force purchased F100 and F110 in proportion according to the double contractor procurement strategy, and basically they were exposed to rain and dew. It is under such a "horse racing" mechanism and order support that the two companies have grown into the world’s top aero-engine companies.

For a long time, China’s military industrial model is dominated by military industrial groups with strong administrative color, and scientific research tasks are coordinated, coordinated and protected in a highly planned way. The general research institute to the assembly plant, and the supporting research institute to the supporting plant are mostlyIn the state of "vertical cooperation and fragmentation", military and civilian lines are separated, forming a closed monopoly system with separation of research and development, lack of competition and self-protection.

The establishment of the "Two-Aircraft Project" and China Aviation Development Co., Ltd. is escorted by the in-depth promotion of the national integration of defense and civilian technologies strategy. In 2016, the Opinions on the Integrated Development of Economic Construction and National Defense Construction issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission clearly proposed to deepen the reform of the national defense science, technology and industry system, further break the industry closure, expand the introduction of social capital, highlight core capabilities, liberalize general capabilities, promote socialized cooperation, and promote the professional reorganization of military enterprises.

Breaking the binary separation of military and civilian and promoting open integration are not only institutional breakthroughs, but also the reshaping and integration of the industrial chain.Taking the aviation industry as an example, the "main manufacturer-supplier" model that the United States has been pursuing is being followed by global aviation manufacturing enterprises. In this mode, the development of an aircraft requires the early intervention of suppliers and joint participation in research and development.

The main manufacturer splits its subordinate manufacturing units and becomes a system integrated manufacturing role, getting rid of the "heavy-load" link of "manufacturing production", which requires high load to produce benefits, and enhancing its ability to cope with market changes; Suppliers can focus on the research and development and technical strength reserve of a certain subsystem, so as to be more professional and efficient.

As the core system of an aircraft, aero-engine open cooperation can also greatly improve the development efficiency. For example, since 2004, Rolls-Royce Company has only produced 30% of the core components and the highest added value, and subcontracted the remaining 70%, thus reducing the manufacturing and purchasing costs of all engine parts as much as possible under the premise of controllable risks.

On this basis, China Hangfa has further determined the development mode of "small core, large cooperation, specialization and openness", which means that the development of China aero-engine can attract more extensive external forces to participate in the cooperation nationwide and even globally, and enterprises can concentrate on improving key core capabilities. According to the disclosed information, there are currently more than 350 suppliers participating in the "Yangtze River" series of engines, initially forming a global supply chain. At the same time, 69 suppliers from 16 countries are willing to participate in the commercial engine project in China.

Historical lessons have proved that you can’t build an engine behind closed doors.

Aeroengine is composed of tens of thousands of precision parts, which has a long development cycle and involves a wide range of fields. Independent research and development of aero-engines is an arduous challenge to the current basic disciplines, design, materials and technology. China has a complete range of manufacturing industries and abundant resources, but the support provided by basic industries is far from enough. Through open integration, the standards and data barriers in the upstream industrial chain (such as materials, machining, measurement and testing, etc.) can accelerate the integration of manufacturing resources, enrich and improve the industrial chain, and maximize the cost reduction and efficiency improvement of the whole industry.

Due to the historical debts and the current technical blockade, it is doomed that the breakthrough road of China aero-engine is still bumpy, which requires great determination, patience and wisdom. But the first light on this road has shown us the way.

References:

[1] Wu Daguan, thinking about two major historical issues of aviation industry, 2001.

[2] Yang Kemin, 100 people who moved China since the founding of New China: Wu Daguan, 2012.

[3] Zhao Yining, Great Country Project, 2018

[4] Liu Daxiang Jinjie Peng Youmei Hu Xiaoyu, Development Status and Key Technology Analysis of Large Aircraft Engines, 2008.

[5] Liu Daxiang, a historic opportunity for the development of aviation power, 2005.

[6] Han Xinwei, Chen Liangyou, Wu Hao, Countermeasures for Accelerating the Development of Aero-engines in China, 2003.

[7] Wen Junfeng, Brief Introduction and Thinking of Aeroengine Development, World Passenger Aircraft Research and Development, 1998.

[8] Han Rui, Lilac, Brief Introduction and Thinking on the Development of Aeroengines, 2012

[9] Pei Yu, further progress in the "domestic heart" of large aircraft, commissioning of CR929 engine verification machine, 2020

[10] Liu Zhenmin, China aero-engine industry development from the perspective of system innovation, 2019.

Original title: "At the moment of announcing the suspension of research and development, the audience cried" … Now China is no longer afraid of sniping! 》

Read the original text

　　Beijing time in 2022

　　At 9: 32 on November 3,

　　China space station mengtian experimental cabin

　　Successfully completed the transposition

　　The space station modules, manned spacecraft, cargo spacecraft, relay satellites used in China’s space station project and the Long March series of launch vehicles used to launch these spacecraft,All developed by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.Other subsystems of the project also have the participation of relevant units affiliated to Aerospace Science and Technology Group.

　　During the transposition, the Mengtian experimental module first completed the relevant state setting, then separated from the space station assembly, and then completed the transposition in about one hour by plane transposition, and then docked with the lateral port of the node module of Tianhe core module again. This afternoon, the crew of Shenzhou 14 astronauts will enter the Mengtian experimental cabin.

　　▲ Schematic diagram of the current space station assembly

　　The completion of the transposition of the Mengtian experimental module marksThe "T" basic configuration of China Space Station has been assembled in orbit.It has taken a key step towards the goal of building a space station. According to the plan, the basic function test and evaluation of the space station assembly will be carried out in the future.

　　History engraves our journey.

　　the year of 2020

　　May 5 th

　　The Long March 5 B carrier rocket made its first flight, launching a new generation of manned spacecraft test ship, and the first battle of the space station phase mission was successful.

　　May 8 th

　　Safe landing of the return capsule of the new generation manned spacecraft test ship.

　　In 2021

　　April 29

　　Changwu B rocket launches space station and core module.

　　29 -30 May

　　The Long March 7 carrier rocket launched the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft, which docked at the backward port of Tianhe core module.

　　June 17th

　　The Long March II F carrier rocket launched the Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft, which docked at the forward port of Tianhe core module. Astronauts Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo entered Tianhe core module, and Chinese entered his own space station for the first time.

　　July 4th.

　　Shenzhou 12 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the first extravehicular activity in the space station stage by group.

　　August 20 th

　　Shenzhou 12 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the second extravehicular activity in groups.

　　September 17th.

　　The return capsule of Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft landed safely, and the astronauts were in good condition.

　　September 18th

　　Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft is separated from the backward port of the space station and the core module, and flies around to the forward port to complete the automatic rendezvous and docking.

　　September 20th.

　　The Changqi rocket launched the Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft, which docked at the backward port of Tianhe core module.

　　23 -24 September

　　The first on-orbit ignition test was completed by four thrusters in the electric propulsion subsystem of the space station and the core module.

　　October 16th.

　　The Chang ‘er F rocket launched the Shenzhou-13 manned spacecraft, which docked at the radial port of Tianhe core module. Astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu entered Tianhe core module, and China Space Station welcomed the second flight crew and the first female astronaut.

　　7 -8 November

　　Shenzhou 13 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the first extravehicular activity in groups, which was the first time in China’s space history that female astronauts participated in the extravehicular activity.

　　26 -27 December

　　Shenzhou 13 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the second extravehicular activity in groups.

　　In 2022

　　January 6th.

　　It is the first time that China has used the space station manipulator to operate a large-scale on-orbit aircraft to conduct the transposition test.

　　January 8 th

　　Shenzhou 13 astronauts completed the rendezvous and docking test of the combination of hand-controlled teleoperation cargo spacecraft and space station in groups.

　　March 27th and 31st

　　The Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft was evacuated from the core module assembly of the space station and re-entered the atmosphere under control.

　　April 16th

　　The return capsule of Shenzhou 13 manned spacecraft landed safely, and the astronauts were in good condition.

　　April 20

　　Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft separated from the backward port of Tianhe core module, circled to the forward port, and completed automatic rendezvous and docking.

　　May 10th.

　　The Changqi rocket launched the Tianzhou-4 cargo spacecraft, which docked at the backward port of Tianhe core module.

　　June 5th.

　　The Chang ‘er F rocket launched the Shenzhou 14 manned spacecraft, which docked at the radial port of the Tianhe core module, and astronauts Chen Dong, Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe entered the Tianhe core module.

　　July 17th and 27th

　　Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft evacuated from the space station assembly and re-entered the atmosphere under control.

　　July 24th

　　Changwu B rocket launch space station test module.

　　July 25th

　　The space shuttle was docked at the forward port of Tianhe core module, and then the Shenzhou 14 astronauts entered the space shuttle in groups, which was the first time that China astronauts entered the scientific experimental module in orbit.

　　1 -2 September

　　Shenzhou 14 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the first extravehicular activity by group, which is the first time that Chinese astronauts have carried out extravehicular activities from the airlock cabin of the candlestick experimental module.

　　September 17th.

　　Shenzhou 14 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the second extravehicular activity in groups.

　　September 30th.

　　It is the first time for China to use the indexing mechanism to carry out the indexing operation of the large-scale module in orbit.

　　October 31st.

　　Changwu B rocket launch space station Mengtian experimental module.

　　November 1st.

　　Mengtian experimental module is docked with the forward port of Tianhe core module.

　　November 3 rd

　　The Mengtian experimental module has been transposed, and the "T" basic configuration of China Space Station has been assembled.

　　Source/China Manned Space Engineering Office, CCTV

　　Reporter/Ren Changsheng

　　Editor/Liu Huaiyu Gao Yiming

　　American editor/Yang Shuai

　　Proofreading/Zhao Cong

　　Producer/Huang Xi

　　CCTV News:According to WeChat official account news from the Central Meteorological Observatory, the latest forecast of the Central Meteorological Observatory predicts that the No.6 typhoon "Kanu" will land on the south coast of South Korea on the morning of August 10th and enter the northeast of China on the night of the 11th, bringing strong wind and rain. There are 6 ~ 7 winds in parts of Heilongjiang and Jilin, and local gusts are 10 ~ 11; There are heavy rains in northeastern Jilin and southeastern Heilongjiang, and the accumulated rainfall can reach 120 ~ 200mm. The cumulative surface rainfall in sub-basins such as Mudanjiang, the lower reaches of Songhua River and Tumen River is 75 ~ 85mm. Meteorologists reminded that the future wind and rain affected areas of Typhoon Kanu are highly overlapped with the areas where heavy rains and floods occurred in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in the early stage, and the pressure of flood control is great. It is suggested to take precautions against floods, mountain torrents, geological disasters and urban and rural waterlogging in small and medium-sized rivers in advance.

　　It is estimated that the No.6 typhoon "Kanu" will move northward at a speed of about 10 kilometers per hour this year, and its intensity will be enhanced. It will land on the southern coast of South Korea on the morning of August 10, and its intensity is expected to be strong tropical storm or typhoon (28 ~ 33 m/s, 10 ~ 12), and it will enter the northeast of China on the night of the 11th, and gradually weaken into an extratropical cyclone.

　　Gale forecast: It is predicted that there will be 6-8 winds and 9-10 gusts in eastern Bohai Sea, Bohai Strait, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Taiwan Province Strait, southern coast of Zhejiang, northern coast of Fujian and northern coast of Taiwan Province Island on August 11th, affected by Kanu. Among them, the winds in the eastern part of the Yellow Sea and the eastern part of the East China Sea can reach 9-10 and the gusts are 11-10. On October 10-13, there were 4-5 winds and 6-7 gusts in the northeast and coastal waters of Shandong Peninsula, 6-7 winds and 8-9 gusts in some areas of Heilongjiang and Jilin, and the local winds could reach 8-9 and 10-11 gusts.

　　Rainfall forecast: On October 10-12, affected by Kanu, there was moderate to heavy rain in eastern Liaoning, and heavy rain in eastern Jilin, northern Heilongjiang and central and eastern China, including heavy rain in northeastern Jilin and southeastern Heilongjiang. The accumulated rainfall in the above areas is 30 ~ 60 mm, and the local area can reach 120 ~ 200 mm. The maximum hourly rain intensity is 30 ~ 50 mm, and the local area can reach more than 60 mm. The main rainfall period is from the night of the 10th to the day of the 12th.

　　Surface rainfall forecast: on October 10-12, the surface rainfall in the sub-basins of Songhua River, such as Hulan reach, Lalin reach and Songhua Lake, is 22-28 mm; The cumulative area rainfall of Mudanjiang, the lower reaches of Songhua River and Tumen River is 75 ~ 85 mm..

　　Experts remind that since the end of July, there has been heavy rainfall in Northeast China, with rainfall in most parts of Heilongjiang, western Jilin and southern Liaoning being 30% to 80% higher than normal, and in some parts of southeastern Heilongjiang, northern Jilin and western Liaoning being more than twice as high, resulting in super-warning floods in many rivers, and heavy rains and floods in Lan Shu, Jilin, Wuchang and Shangzhi in Heilongjiang. Because the future wind and rain impact of Kanu is highly overlapped with the previous falling area, the disaster risk will be further aggravated, so it is suggested to do a good job in flood control in Songliao Basin. The bottom water of rivers in Heilongjiang and Jilin is high, so it is necessary to pay attention to the monitoring of rain, water and flood, strengthen the inspection of dams and dams in rivers, reservoirs and lakes to ensure the safety of small and medium-sized rivers, reservoirs and towns, and strengthen the prevention of disasters such as flash floods, landslides and mudslides in mountainous areas.

　　In addition, it is estimated that on October 10-12, the risk level of farmland waterlogging disaster in some areas such as central and eastern Heilongjiang and eastern Jilin is high, which has adverse effects on the growth and development of crops such as spring corn, soybeans and potatoes. It is suggested to clear ditches and drain water in time to reduce the risk of crop lodging.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Jinan, December 16th: Birds fall in love with the Yellow River Estuary — — Visit to the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve

　　Xinhua News Agency reporters Wang Nian and Wu Shuguang

　　Since the beginning of winter, the scenery of the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve in Shandong Province is more like a beautiful picture of a scenery film — — Between the waves, the reeds on the shoals are like snow, and groups of migratory birds are strolling comfortably or spreading their wings, and the beautiful songs are one after another.

　　The Yellow River flows into the Bohai Sea from Dongying, Shandong Province, and its alluvial Yellow River Delta has a complete wetland ecosystem in warm temperate zone. In 1992, a national protected area with a total area of 153,000 hectares was established here, which played an important role in protecting the newly-born wetland ecosystem and rare and endangered birds. In 2013, the wetlands in the Yellow River Delta were listed in the list of internationally important wetlands by the International Convention on Wetlands; In 2018, Dongying ranked among the first batch of "international wetland cities" in the world.

　　When the reporter visited the nature reserve, he saw that the red-crowned crane walked gracefully, the white crane, the wart-nosed swan and the white spoonbill were hovering at low altitude, and the solitary oriental white stork stayed quietly in the nest most of the time … …

　　In the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, the nest of oriental storks with a diameter of several meters is on the telephone pole. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　Liujing, head of the Ecological Monitoring Center of the Yellow River Delta, told the reporter that the number of birds in the nature reserve has increased from 187 when it was built to 371 now, including 25 species under national first-class protection and 65 species under second-class protection. The number of 38 species of birds exceeds 1% of the global total. Millions of birds migrate here every year, and some of them even spend the winter and breed here.

　　This is a great egret shot in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　"This is an important transit point for bird migration, with ‘ Bird International Airport ’ The reputation of the migration peak is extremely busy. " Zhao Yajie, a researcher at the reserve, said that among the nine bird migration routes in the world, two routes, East Asia-Australasia and the Pacific Rim, pass through the Yellow River Delta.

　　Two red-crowned cranes in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve perched among the aquatic plants. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　Since last year, rare birds such as white pelican and spoonbill snipe have been discovered in the Yellow River Delta. However, in the view of researchers, the national first-class protection of birds, Oriental White Storks, is a testimony to the continuous improvement of the ecological environment. They only passed through the Yellow River Delta in their migration at the earliest, and began to nest here in 2003. In 2005, they first bred two nests of seven young birds in the wild. Observations show that this year, Oriental white storks have bred 324 chicks in 120 nests, with a total of 2278 chicks. "According to the information we have, it is undoubtedly the largest breeding ground for oriental storks in the world." Zhao Yajie said.

　　This is a bird flock taken near the dampproof dike in Kenli District, Dongying City. Ren Xiaojie

　　The reporter learned that the reserve not only insists on protection priority and natural restoration, but also takes the initiative and acts scientifically. For example, oriental storks like to nest and lay eggs in tall trees to hatch chicks, but there are no such trees in the Yellow River Delta. After careful research, the reserve has built 115 artificial nests for oriental storks, which proves to be effective. The reporter saw that the bird’s nest with a diameter of more than 2 meters on the high cement pole was quite eye-catching.

　　At the same time, since 2002, the local area has taken advantage of the favorable opportunity of the Yellow River to adjust water and sediment to replenish water, and successively implemented habitat protection projects for key species such as oriental white stork and black-billed gull, and the species and number of birds have increased significantly.

　　"Water is the life of the wetland. There are water, fish and birds." Tianpeng Wang, the stationmaster of the 1,200-meter management station in the nature reserve, said that continuous water supply for many years has effectively curbed the degradation of wetlands, restored the ecology, and steadily increased the biodiversity of wetlands, attracting more and more birds to inhabit and breed here. According to the introduction of Shandong Yellow River Bureau, Diaokou River was the flow path of the Yellow River before its diversion in 1976. Since 2010, the ecological water supply of this flow path has reached 381 million cubic meters.

　　Because of the strict requirements for breeding sites, the black-billed gull, a national first-class protected bird, is often regarded as an indicator species of wetland ecological environment changes, and is listed in the Red Book of Endangered Animals in China and the Red List of Endangered Species of IUCN. In 1992, two breeding grounds of black-billed gull were discovered for the first time in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve. Since then, its population has been expanding. The survey this spring showed that its breeding population exceeded 10,000 for the first time.

　　The reporter learned that the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve is also the largest new wetland natural vegetation area along the coast of China, with 1,630 species of wild animals and 685 species of plants respectively. Xu Mingde, secretary of the Party Working Committee and director of the management committee of the nature reserve, said that they insisted on using an ecological approach to manage the ecology, and the wetland area of the nature reserve has increased by 12.3% and 188 square kilometers since 2017.

　　The endless wings of Suaeda salsa dye the vast beaches red. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　It is understood that the Yellow River Estuary National Park, which is integrated from eight nature reserves such as the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, has entered the stage of creation and implementation. In line with the goal of building the first land-sea integrated national park in China, the local government is solidly promoting a series of ecological protection and restoration projects to promote a healthier ecosystem and further enhance biodiversity.

Daxian Reservoir with a total storage capacity of 2.08 million cubic meters has dried up.

　　Affected by the El Ni? o phenomenon, there is a serious drought in Hainan. Yesterday, the reporter saw in Daxian Reservoir in Haiwei Town, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, southwest of Hainan Province that the reservoir has dried up to the bottom, most of the bottom of the reservoir has turned into grassland, and some of the ground in the middle has cracked due to drought. Up to now, 16 cities and counties in Hainan Province have been affected by drought successively. There are 164 small and medium-sized reservoirs in the province whose water storage is lower than the outlet of drainage culvert, of which 70 have dried up, and the affected area of crops has reached 181,200 mu, and 28,000 people have difficulty drinking water temporarily. Hainan has invested 30 million yuan in drought relief to increase the intensity of artificial precipitation enhancement.

　　site

　　Both reservoirs have "bottomed out" and "island in the middle of the lake" with exposed loess and long grass.

　　The reporter recently visited the largest reservoir in Hainan Province — — Songtao Reservoir and the second largest reservoir in the province — — Daguangba Reservoir found that the water storage capacity of these two reservoirs has been greatly reduced, and both have "bottomed out". The reporter went to Songtao Reservoir, located in the south of Danzhou City, and saw that the vastness before the reservoir no longer existed. A large area of loess was exposed in the reservoir, and some fishing boats docked on the shore.

　　Luo Feng, secretary of the Party branch of Songtao Reservoir Area, stood in front of the stone carving with the characters "Songtao Reservoir" and "overlooked" the water. "If it is a normal water level, the water can reach where I stand." Luo Feng said, "The water level has dropped more than 20 meters than normal, and it has also dropped by about 10 meters compared with the same period last year."

　　According to Fu Dongxuan, director of the dispatching center of Songtao Irrigation District Management Branch of Hainan Water Conservancy Irrigation District Administration, Songtao Reservoir has a total storage capacity of 3.345 billion cubic meters, and its main task is to solve the problems of irrigation water, industrial and domestic water use in Danzhou, Lingao, Chengmai and Haikou. But at present, the storage capacity of the reservoir is less than 1 billion cubic meters, and the water discharge capacity is less than 500 million cubic meters. Some towns farthest from the irrigation area in Danzhou once had difficulty drinking water for people and livestock.

　　The reporter drove all the way to Dongfang City, and the magnificent Daguangba Reservoir has also "bottomed out". Large areas of loess have been exposed at the bottom of the reservoir, forming an "island in the middle of the lake", which is covered with grass. On the other side of the dam, the rugged rocks are not moistened by water and are roasted by the scorching sun.

　　It is understood that the existing storage capacity of Daguangba Reservoir is only 400 million cubic meters, which is more than 1 billion cubic meters lower than the normal storage capacity and more than 400 million cubic meters lower than the same period last year.

　　Confucian Village: All the wells in the village have dried up.

　　3 villages drink water by water tankers.

　　Following in the footsteps of Zhang Shucheng, director of Rucun Village, the reporter came to a melon field. The vines and leaves of watermelons in the melon field were listless, some leaves were yellow and faded, and several big watermelons were not seen in the whole melon field. "According to the abundant rain in previous years, there should be big watermelons everywhere in the field, and it is not unusual to weigh seven or eight pounds." Zhang Shucheng said that this year’s drought is serious, melon farmers are short of water when sowing, and they are short of water for irrigation at ordinary times, and they are still short of water when flowering and fruiting. At this time in the past, melon merchants came to the village to talk about acquisitions. "This year, the output of watermelons has been reduced by at least 3/5. Watermelons are poor in growth, ugly in shape and low in quality, and no one has come to buy them. It can be said that melon farmers have lost their blood this year."

　　When you come to the Confucian village, you can see the bottom of the well in the village. "All the wells in the village have dried up." Zhang Shucheng said that people and animals in the village have difficulty drinking water. In March, the villagers reported the situation to the town. In order to solve the problem of drinking water for the villagers, Guangcun Town arranged a car to deliver water to the village the next day. "The water sent is only enough for people and animals to drink, and bathing and washing is a luxury." "Our village is relatively remote and it is difficult to lay a tap water pipeline, so the town invested to help us drill a 100-meter deep water well." Zhang Shucheng said that the deep water well has now been completed and can be put into use immediately.

　　"The drought is more serious this year, especially in Liuxing Village and Dalao Village in the town. From December 2015 to now, drinking water for people and livestock has been solved by sending water by car in the town. " Sun Zhannan, secretary of the town Committee of Eman Town, Danzhou City, said. Compared with Confucian villages in Guangcun town, the situation in Liuxing and Dalao villages in Eman town is more serious. According to Sun Zhannan, secretary of the town Committee of Eman Town, only 44 mu of rice is in the field because of the lack of irrigation and drought this year. "Not only is agriculture short of water, but drinking water for people and livestock is also a problem." Sun Zhannan said that it is very difficult for people and animals to drink water now. There are 29 households with 113 people in Liuxing Village, a multi-industry village committee, and 50 households with 204 people in Dalao Village. "Although the water pipeline has been laid, it has not yet been put into use." He said that in order to solve the drinking water problem in these two villages, the town government will arrange water trucks to transport water to the villages every day, once in the morning and once in the evening.

　　interpret

　　El Nino’s over-age "El Nino" shows its power.

　　This round of El Nino phenomenon was named "Bruce Lee" by American meteorologists, because its duration, cumulative intensity and peak intensity all reached the highest level in 65 years. Although it has peaked since the beginning of this year, the El Nino "Bruce Lee" is still powerful. Affected by this, hot and dry weather has been going on in Southeast Asia and South Asia for quite some time.

　　According to the detection of China National Climate Center, the current El Ni? o phenomenon has lasted for 19 months since its development in September 2014, exceeding the cycle of 14 months and 13 months of the previous two super El Ni? o phenomena and becoming an over-aged "El Ni? o". From May 1997 to May 1998, the super-strong El Ni? o phenomenon caused a total of 21,000 deaths and caused a global economic loss of $36 billion.

　　(Comprehensive Xinhua News Agency People’s Network Southern Metropolis Daily)

Military guidance theory is the basic follow-up to lead military practice. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, as the core of the Party, the commander-in-chief of the army and the leader of the people, has created and formed the thought of strengthening the army by the Supreme Leader with distinctive characteristics of the times and China characteristics in the magnificent military practice, and realized that the party’s military guiding theory keeps pace with the times again.

The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army has guided the construction of the people’s army in the new era and made historic achievements

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, so has national defense and army building. In the practice of governing the country, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader led the people’s army to rebuild and rebuild in an all-round way, promoted the "four modernizations" of the army in an all-round way, and opened up a grand foundation to support the rejuvenation of a powerful country on the journey of strengthening the army and rejuvenating the army.

Military reform is extraordinary and a historic breakthrough has been achieved. Breaking and then standing, breaking and standing, and hoofing and stepping steadily are the distinctive features of our party building and army management in the new era. Facing the complicated and profound changes in the international situation and national security environment, and facing the institutional obstacles, structural contradictions and policy issues that have long restricted national defense and army building, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made a strategic conclusion that "deepening the reform of national defense and army is the requirement of the times to realize the Chinese dream and the dream of strengthening the army, the only way to strengthen the army and the key measure to determine the future of the army". He personally led, personally designed and personally promoted the military reform in the overall deployment of the reform of the party and the state, initiated an unprecedented overall revolutionary change in the history of our army, and fought "three major battles." The first was the "above the neck" reform, which established the leadership and management system of "Central Military Commission-services-troops" and the operational command system of "Central Military Commission-war zone-troops", breaking the long-standing headquarters system, military region system and continental army system. The second is the "below the neck" reform, which reduces the number of military personnel by 300,000, greatly simplifies the non-combat institutions and personnel of the military, and implements the "army-brigade-battalion" system for the main combat troops, changing the long-standing land-based and homeland-defensive forces. The third is the military policy system reform, which systematically promotes the policy system reform in the four major areas of party building, strength application, strength building and military management, and establishes and improves Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s military policy system. The three reform campaigns are interlocking, and the people’s army has been completely transformed and has a new look.

The army building is extraordinary and a historic leap has taken place. In the face of the army’s long-standing abuses for a period of time, the Supreme Leader General Secretary gained insight into the problem from a political perspective, personally led the Gutian Army’s political work conference, set up a general plan for building the army politically, unswervingly promoted political training and consolidation, seriously investigated and dealt with serious cases of violation of discipline and law by senior cadres, completely eliminated the pernicious influence, and the people’s army was reborn from the ashes and the political ecology was fundamentally reversed. Promote the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the army through science and technology, seize the key of national defense science and technology innovation, establish the strategic basis of independent innovation, greatly strengthen basic research and original innovation, and realize the transformation of national defense science and technology and weapons and equipment construction from running side by side to running side by side. Promote the implementation of the strategy of strengthening the army with talents, build a new military talent training system, innovate military human resource management, and recruit outstanding talents from all walks of life to join the cause of strengthening the army. Grasp the core and foundation of all the work of the army, grasp the leadership and party building work of the army, and promote the grassroots construction of the people’s army to make great progress. We will step up efforts to administer the army according to law and strictly manage the military, speed up the construction of a military legal system with China characteristics, continue to rectify the "four winds" and the "Five-odd" problems, and promote the gradual and fundamental transformation of the way of administering the army. The "combination boxing" formed by a series of major measures has made a comprehensive situation and a long-term trend, which has continuously improved the quality and efficiency of people’s army building in the new era.

The military struggle was extraordinary and achieved historic results. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, new complex and profound changes have taken place in the international pattern. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has profoundly grasped the general trend of national security, engaged in relations among major powers, led the people’s army to calmly respond, firmly grasped the opportunities of military competition, and always controlled the initiative of military struggle. The preparations for military struggle have taken on a new look. Leaders formulate military strategic guidelines for the new era, strengthen the overall guidance of military struggle, focus on winning battles, make in-depth preparations for fighting in all directions and fields, and be vigorous and promising in expanding the depth of active defense strategy, accelerating the military forces to go abroad, and managing new security fields. Command a series of major military operations, effectively resolve possible war risks, earnestly safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests, boost national prestige and military prestige, and enhance national self-confidence and pride.

The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army is the latest achievement of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s military guidance theory advancing with the times

The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army made profound strategic thinking on all aspects of national defense and army building, made scientific and long-term strategic plans, and profoundly expounded a series of fundamental issues such as the goal direction, mission, strategic layout, fundamental direction and important path of strengthening the army, forming a scientific theoretical system with rich ideological connotation and profound implications.

Focus on rejuvenating the country and make a new summary of the goals of the people’s army. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army points out that the party’s goal of strengthening the army in the new era is to build a people’s army that listens to the party’s command, can win battles and has a good work style. It must be consistent with the process of national modernization, and strive to basically realize the modernization of national defense and the army by 2035, and build the people’s army into a world-class army in an all-round way by the middle of this century. This profoundly answered the question of what kind of people’s army to build in the new era and laid the "theoretical cornerstone" of the supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army in one fell swoop. In the practice of building and managing the army, the general secretary of the supreme leader’s exposition on the goal of strengthening the army has been developing continuously, especially the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has made new strategic arrangements for comprehensively promoting national defense and army modernization. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed to speed up the modernization of national defense and the army, and ensure the realization of the centennial goal of building the army in 2027, which further pointed out where the people’s army will go and where it will develop, and made clear the goal direction for the people’s army to break the waves on a new journey.

Focus on great struggle, keep pace with the times and innovate military strategic guidance. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army profoundly expounds that strengthening the country and the army must be strategic first, and clearly points out that the strategic goal of the party and the country is to achieve the goal of "two hundred years" and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation at present and for a long time to come. Innovative development of military strategic guidance must firmly grasp this fundamental focus, strengthen military strategic operation and improve the level of military strategic guidance. This military strategy is a general plan to take the overall situation into consideration, balance the opponents and win the war. Its spiritual essence is to ensure that the army effectively performs the mission entrusted by the party and the people, and provide strategic support for consolidating the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership and socialist system, defending national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, safeguarding national overseas interests and promoting world peace and development.

Strengthen the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army with an eye on the eternal stability of the country. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army emphasizes that the party’s absolute leadership over the army is the foundation of the people’s army and the soul of strengthening the army. It is necessary to comprehensively implement a series of fundamental principles and systems of the party’s leadership over the army to ensure the absolute loyalty, purity and reliability of the army. Adhering to the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is defined as a basic strategy for upholding and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China regards "upholding the party’s command of guns and ensuring the people’s army’s absolute loyalty to the party and the people" as a remarkable advantage of the national system and the national governance system, and clearly proposes to uphold and improve the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army. The implementation of the chairman responsibility system in the Central Military Commission is the fundamental form of upholding the party’s absolute leadership over the people’s army. The highest leadership and command of the army belongs to the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, and the national armed forces are under the unified leadership and command of the chairman of the Military Commission. All these are significant theoretical and political contributions, which indicate that Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s basic military system is more mature and stereotyped.

Focus on the overall situation of the cause and creatively optimize the layout of strengthening the army. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army puts the army construction in the overall situation of the party and the state, thinking, planning and scientific deployment. From "deepening the political army building, reforming and strengthening the army, and managing the army according to law" to "persisting in the political army building, reforming and strengthening the army, managing the army according to law" and then "persisting in the political army building, reforming and strengthening the army, strengthening the army through science and technology, strengthening the army with talents and managing the army according to law", the layout of strengthening the army has been continuously expanded and optimized. This layout of strengthening the army is the embodiment of our party’s strategic layout of governing the country and politics in the new era in the military field. It has grasped the strategic key issues supporting the strengthening of the army, defined the fundamental guarantee, key move, powerful motivation, strategic resources and the guarantee of the rule of law for strengthening the army, and set up a four-pillar, eight-pillar and backbone framework for the cause of strengthening the army.

Focus on winning the battle and comprehensively strengthen training and preparation. The inherent characteristic of military guidance theory is to seek and win. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army emphasizes that the army should prepare for war, and must comprehensively improve its ability to prepare for war in the new era, effectively shape the situation, control the crisis, contain the war and win the war. These expositions reveal the fundamental direction of strengthening the army in the new era and constitute the "theoretical core" of the supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army. The army is born of war, and the preparation for military struggle is the basic practical activity of the army. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army clearly puts forward the only fundamental standard of firmly establishing combat effectiveness, which requires that the combat effectiveness standard should run through the whole process and all aspects of army building, pay great attention to actual military training, make solid preparations for military struggles in all directions and fields, gather together to build elite combat forces, and carry forward the fighting spirit of not being afraid of hardships and not being afraid of death. These important expositions are of great significance for correcting the center of gravity and direction of army building and development, forming a direction that all minds focus on fighting and all work focuses on fighting hard, and promoting the people’s army to fully leap forward in winning the war.

Focus on enriching the country and strengthening the army, and promote the simultaneous improvement of national defense strength and economic strength. Dealing with the relationship between the coordinated development of national defense construction and economic construction is a common topic in the governance of great powers at all times and at all times, including both profound lessons and good experiences. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army integrates national defense and army building into the national economic and social development system, and emphasizes the combination of development and security, economic construction and national defense construction, the unification of enriching the country and strengthening the army, making full use of all superior forces and resources to build an integrated national strategic system and capability. In the new era, the cause of strengthening the military is rooted in the deep soil of the rapid development of the country’s economy and society. With the strong strength of the country’s economy and science and technology, and the majestic strength of the whole society, the modernization of national defense and the military will surely add wings and advance by leaps and bounds.

The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army is a vivid Marxist military theory in the 21st century.

In the new era, which is a special historical period of great changes in the world, great development of the country and great military competition, the supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army applies Marxism to observe and reflect China’s military practice, reveals and reflects the objective laws of military activities in the world today, and makes great original contributions to enriching and developing Marxist military theory. This thought not only adheres to the basic viewpoints of Marxism on war and military issues, but also adheres to our party’s consistent guiding ideology and major principles for building and managing the army. It also closely combines the characteristics of the new era and practical development, absorbs the essence of Chinese excellent traditional military culture, draws on the outstanding achievements of world military theory, sublates scientific theories, and forms the achievements of military civilization with China style and China style.

The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army profoundly answered the question of the times when a strong country must strengthen the army. To cope with the great changes in the world in the past century and ensure that China is invincible in the fierce international military competition, it is required that the army must accelerate the transformation from a "big country army" to a "powerful country army." At present, the international strategic pattern is deeply adjusted, and the overall competition and overall contest between countries are more prominent. The more complicated the situation, the better the military skill. At present, national security is facing one kind or another of risk challenges, the possibility of war and chaos at home is real, and the task of safeguarding national unity and social stability is arduous and arduous. We must dare and be good at carrying out great struggles with many new historical characteristics. A strong army is an inherent requirement and an important symbol of a strong country. A strong army is needed to deter and stop the war, and a strong army is needed to provide support for the country’s prosperity and development. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army focused on strengthening the army and put forward many strategic and original ideas, comprehensively and systematically answered the historical and epochal topic of supporting the country with strengthening the army, and opened up a new realm of China-ization of Marxist military theory.

The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army further enriched the party’s military guidance theory treasure house. The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s military guidance theory is a scientific summary of the practical experience of China’s revolutionary war, people’s army and national defense construction, and the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the whole party and army. It is in the same strain and keeps pace with the times with the changes of the times and the development of practice. Our party has gone through a hundred years of struggle, and in the course of commanding guns by the party, it has successively formed Marxist military theoretical achievements with China characteristics, such as Mao Zedong’s military thought, Deng Xiaoping’s army building thought in the new period, Jiang Zemin’s national defense and army building thought, and Hu Jintao’s national defense and army building thought. Based on Do not forget your initiative mind’s political consciousness and radical theory, the supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army scientifically summarizes the basic experience of our army’s construction and development, profoundly reveals where the people’s army came from and why it went from victory to victory, and at the same time puts forward a series of new ideas, new ideas, new theories and new requirements in response to the needs of the new era, realizing a major breakthrough and innovation in the party’s military guidance theory, and highlighting the political and theoretical inheritance of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people in the past 100 years.

The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army shines with the truth of dialectical materialism and historical materialism throughout. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army has a keen insight into the contradictory movements in the military field in the new era, and has made a series of new explanations on the relationship of unity of opposites, such as war and peace, military and politics, development and security, change and new situation, crisis and initiative, preparation and stop of war, deterrence and actual combat, and man and weapons, which profoundly reveals the way to strengthen the army and win in the new era, with broad vision, lofty ideas and vigorous weather, and embodies the basic principles and science of Marxism. The supreme leader’s thought of strengthening the army runs through the mission based on far-reaching history, which contains conscious understanding of historical position, firm adherence to revolutionary feelings and determined pursuit of ideal goals, showing the ideological style and lofty realm of contemporary the Communist Party of China (CPC) people; Through the epistemological methodology of grasping the military and building the army around politics, we put the war issue in the realization of the great goal of national rejuvenation, promote national defense and army building as a whole from the overall situation of the party and the state, and guide military actions with the overall situation of national politics, diplomacy, national security and strategy, enriching and developing the Marxist military view of war; Through the revolutionary style of seeking truth from facts and building the army by hard work, the Marxist practical viewpoint and the party’s ideological line of seeking truth from facts are applied to the military field, which sets an example for thoroughly eliminating problems and opening up new prospects for the cause and provides methods and guarantees for turning the blueprint for strengthening the army in the new era into reality; Throughout the sense of urgency of looking to the future and preventing in advance, we are always ready to carry out new great struggles.Fight a well-prepared battle to prevent and resist risks, and fight a strategic initiative to turn danger into opportunity; Through the enterprising spirit of being proactive and determined to develop, it embodies the strategic enterprising view of taking the initiative, the struggle art of sticking to the bottom line and daring to show the sword, and the innovative character of relying on scientific and technological development and progress, and so on. All this is condensed with profound theoretical practicality and distinct strategic foresight, and shows the wisdom and strength of Marxist military theory in the new era.

[The author is a special researcher at the Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought Research Center of the New Era, the supreme leader of the Central Party School (National School of Administration), and the former executive vice-president of the Central Party School (National School of Administration)]

　　■ Zheng Bingwen
　　
　　The issue of housing provident fund retention and abolition has once again become a hot topic in society. Some people think that the housing provident fund system is unfair, and the housing provident fund has completed its historical mission. In order to reduce the burden on enterprises, it is advocated to abolish the housing provident fund.
　　
　　The author believes that the housing provident fund system still has the value of existence at present and should continue to be retained.
　　
　　Institutional Efficiency and Equity of Housing Provident Fund
　　
　　From the 2018 Annual Report of National Housing Provident Fund published by official website, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, we can have a bird’s eye view of the institutional efficiency and fairness of housing provident fund, and have a general understanding of the system. According to the "annual report" of the provident fund, the institutional efficiency of the provident fund can be summarized into four characteristics, and the institutional fairness can be summarized into four characteristics. First look at the four institutional efficiency characteristics of housing provident fund.
　　
　　First, the benefit rate is relatively high.Since the establishment of the provident fund system, a total of 33.35 million individual housing loans (including two sets of loans with more than two times) have been issued, of which one third are dual employees, and a total of about 55 million people have benefited. Among the 144 million paid-in employees, 38% have successfully become housing lenders. The essence of the housing provident fund system is a mutual aid system. As a mutual aid system, 38% of its members can benefit, which is not low.
　　
　　Second, the mortgage level is appropriate and effective.In 2018, 2.53 million individual housing loans were issued, with an amount of 1.02 trillion yuan. On average, each mortgage was about 400,000 yuan. Paying down payment in second-and third-tier cities can basically solve the loan, and there is no need to combine commercial loans.
　　
　　Third, reduce the heavy interest burden for employees.The interest rate of provident fund loans is low, 3.25% for more than five years, which is 1.65&mdash lower than the benchmark interest rate of commercial individual housing loans; 2 percentage points. The mortgage issued in 2018 can save interest expenses of 202 billion yuan for loan employees, and the average loan can save interest expenses of 80,000 yuan if calculated in 10 years. For more than 20 years, the provident fund system has reduced the interest burden of trillions of yuan for employees, which is the vitality of the provident fund system.
　　
　　Fourth, the administrative cost comes entirely from the extracted management fee.There are 342 provident fund management centers in China with 3,439 service outlets, and there are 44,000 employees in the country, 40% of whom are non-employees. In 2018, the management fee was 11.7 billion yuan, and the comprehensive management cost per 100 million yuan of assets was 210,000 yuan, including salaries and bonuses of all employees, office space, office equipment and official expenses. The whole provident fund system is a self-supporting system. In the national contributory welfare system, such as the social insurance system and even the National Social Security Fund Council, all its operating and management costs (staff salaries and office equipment, etc.) come from financial funds, while the management costs of the housing provident fund system are completely self-digested, which is very rare in China’s current contributory welfare system.
　　
　　Let’s take a look at the four institutional fairness characteristics of the housing provident fund from the 2018 Annual Report of the National Housing Provident Fund.
　　
　　First, the coverage has gradually expanded.By 2018, the number of employees paid into the provident fund was 144 million, which is a large coverage in China’s contributory welfare system. For example, in a comparable social insurance system, except for medical care and old-age care, unemployment insurance covers 196 million people and maternity insurance covers 204 million people, and they are more compulsory than housing provident fund. Other payment systems cover a small number of people, for example, enterprise annuities cover less than 24 million people.
　　
　　Second, the structure of paid employees is dominated by formal sector employment.Among the 144 million employees, 31% are from government agencies and institutions, 20% from state-owned enterprises, 31% from private enterprises and 8% from foreign capital, and the remaining 10% are non-governmental, collective enterprises and other types of units. There are narrow and broad definitions of formal sector employment in China. The narrow definition refers to urban corporate institutions and urban collective units, which employ 170 million people. In a broad sense, we should also add 140 million urban private employees, that is, employees of private enterprises whose business address is located above Chengguan Town in the county. Unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and provident fund mainly cover employees in the formal sector in a narrow sense.
　　
　　Third, the system is very transparent.The information disclosure and transparency of the housing provident fund system have always been better. In 2015, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Finance and the People’s Bank of China jointly issued the Notice on Improving the Information Disclosure System of Housing Provident Fund (J.J. [2015] No.26). In addition, the Annual Report of the National Housing Provident Fund jointly released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank to the whole society every year has complete information and is very transparent. For example, the proportion of paid employees according to the nature of the unit (civil servants, institutions, state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, etc.), the withdrawal of provident fund by type (reasons for withdrawal, number of people, proportional amount), various types of loans (housing type, area, number of units, etc.), pilot loans to support the construction of affordable housing, business revenue and expenditure and value-added income, distribution of housing loans and value-added income in various provinces, asset risk, etc.
　　
　　Fourthly, housing provident fund, as a mutual fund, has played three spillover effects on housing construction in China.One is to occupy a place in the housing market. For example, in 2018, the housing consumption category of housing provident fund, personal housing loans and discount loans for public developers totaled 2.2 trillion yuan (including nearly half of the repayment of loan principal and interest), accounting for 17% of the national commercial housing sales and 16% in the personal housing loan market. Another example is to support loan workers to purchase and build housing area of 287 million square meters, accounting for 19% of the national commercial housing sales area. Second, it plays an obvious role in the rental market and housing repair market. The provident fund has provided support to employees who have no need to buy a house for the time being in their needs of renting and repairing houses. The withdrawal amount of 7.66 million rented employees has reached 73 billion yuan, and the per capita annual withdrawal amount is 10,000 yuan. Third, it plays a huge role in the construction of affordable housing. The housing provident fund provides loan support for affordable housing construction projects. By the end of 2018, a total of 87.215 billion yuan of loans had been issued to 373 pilot projects for affordable housing construction. In addition, the value-added income of some housing accumulation funds also provided supplementary funds for the construction of urban public rental housing (low-rent housing), and a total of 336.5 billion yuan was withdrawn from the construction of public rental housing. For another example, the Beijing Housing Provident Fund has so far issued 36 project loans with a loan amount of 20.1 billion yuan and a construction area of 940,000 square meters, potentially solving the housing difficulties of low-and middle-income workers’ families by more than 90,000 households.
　　
　　The mission of housing provident fund is not completely over.
　　
　　From the perspectives of efficiency and fairness, the above-mentioned provident fund system has performed well in many contributory welfare systems, at least not very badly, which has played a role in the transformation of housing system and solving the housing difficulties of employees. In the coming period, the historical mission of housing provident fund has not yet ended, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
　　
　　First, from the demand side, housing provident fund can also play a certain role.In the third-and fourth-tier cities, the role of alleviating housing difficulties for working-class people is very obvious. The most convincing is the mortgage rate, that is, the ratio of the balance of personal housing loans to the balance of housing provident fund deposits at the end of the year. For example, most provinces in the central and western regions have mortgage rates of 70% to 80%, and only Xizang (68%), Qinghai (69%) and Xinjiang Construction Corps (38%) are below 70%. Almost all first-and second-tier cities are above 85%, for example, Beijing is 95%, Shanghai is 96%, Tianjin is almost 100%, and Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian and Guizhou are above 95%. What’s important is that the housing prices in first-and second-tier cities are high, and the employees employed by government agencies and institutions every year are under great pressure to buy houses. These groups are all admitted through the "national examination", and they undertake the function of running the state machine. In the front line of scientific research and teaching, the marginal utility of housing provident fund is the highest, and in second-and third-tier cities, they can completely rely on provident fund to solve the problem of buying houses. If the provident fund is abolished, it means that there are great obstacles for the central ministries or some departments to recruit outstanding talents.
　　
　　Second, from the pattern of initial income distribution in China, retaining the provident fund can increase the share of labor income.As we all know, the share of labor income is too low in China’s primary income distribution pattern. Since the reform and opening up, the index of labor income share has fluctuated, from over 60% in the 1990s to below 50% before the international financial crisis in 2008, and then it has rebounded. It has improved in the past 10 years, but it is 15 to 20 percentage points lower than developed countries on average, and even lower than some developing countries.
　　
　　The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out: "Adhere to the simultaneous growth of residents’ income while economic growth, and realize the simultaneous increase of labor remuneration while improving labor productivity". The Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economic System in the New Era just released on May 18, 2020 once again pointed out: "Increase the labor remuneration of workers, especially front-line workers, increase the proportion of labor remuneration in the initial distribution, realize the simultaneous growth of residents’ income while economic growth, and realize the simultaneous increase of labor remuneration while improving labor productivity."
　　
　　From the perspective of implementing the central spirit, the provident fund system is a good thing. The idea of canceling the provident fund is mainly for the sake of reducing the burden on enterprises, and the starting point is also good, but the crux of the problem lies in the fact that the focus should be on reducing taxes and social security premiums. China’s tax revenue mainly comes from indirect taxes, and direct taxes only account for about 10%. In the long run, we should gradually focus on direct taxes, but if the share of labor income is always too low, it will always be empty talk.
　　
　　Third, from the perspective of employees’ sense of acquisition, the effect of provident fund is very obvious.When they paid the provident fund, the people never complained that the base was too high and the proportion was too high. They complained that the social security premium rate and base were too high. The phenomenon of "evasion" of social security for ordinary people and enterprises is very serious, while almost no one and enterprises "evade" the provident fund! Why? Because the "tax wedge" of the provident fund is "zero", 100% of it becomes the disposable income of employees and their families, and its private attribute is very obvious. Excluding the provident fund, the tax wedge of social security contributions (including payroll tax) in China is as high as 30.81%, which is exactly equal to the average of OECD countries. In contrast, the tax wedge of Denmark, a Nordic welfare country, is only 30.99%, which is only a little higher than that of China. There are many developed countries with lower tax wedge than ours, such as Japan (29.64%), Australia (26.96%), Britain (26.51%), Luxembourg (26.29%), Ireland (24.66%), Canada (24.12%) and the United States (23.95%).
　　
　　Importantly, in the social security payment of individuals and enterprises, the tax wedge of enterprise payment is as high as 19.22%, and the tax wedge of individual payment and individual tax is 6.41% and 5.19% respectively. That is to say, in the structure of tax wedge, the social security payment of enterprises accounts for as high as 62.36% (individual payment is 20.79%, individual tax is 16.85%). Such a large tax wedge, with Of course, enterprises can evade fees "justifiably". Employees don’t get benefits, and they don’t have a sense of gain. Of course, they are willing to "cooperate" with enterprises to evade fees. Therefore, it is an unspoken rule that employees and enterprises "evade" social security fees together, and it is the social security system that ultimately "suffers". This is the main reason why paying provident fund is more popular than paying social security fees.
　　
　　Fourth, the low-and middle-income borrowers of the provident fund account for 95%, which is especially popular in poor areas.One of the main reasons for advocating the abolition of provident fund is that the system is unfair and the poor subsidize the rich. Of the 2.53 million mortgages of 1 trillion yuan issued in 2018, 95% were low-and middle-income borrowers, and high-income earners only accounted for 5%. According to the 2018 Annual Report of the National Housing Provident Fund, the low-middle income here means that the income is 3 times lower than the average wage of the local society last year, and the high income means that the income is 3 times higher than the average wage of the local society last year (inclusive). Look at age and housing purchase: 76% of borrowers are under 40 years old, 89% buy a building area of less than 144 square meters, and the first set accounts for 85%. Obviously, the above data show that buyers are basically just in need, and the provident fund system really provides protection and support for low-and middle-income groups to buy houses.
　　
　　Let’s use the deposit base of several typical poverty-stricken areas in 2017 to see their attitudes and behaviors towards the provident fund (the data are all from their housing provident fund report released in official website): the deposit base of Dingxi in Gansu is 101% of its social average wage, Baise in Guangxi is 110% of its social average wage, and Zhangye in Gansu has the highest actual deposit base, which is 113% of its social average wage. This shows that the deposit base of employees in poverty-stricken areas is very "real", even exceeding the local social wage, because they have benefited.
　　
　　Fifth, the number of employees who have paid in is increasing, especially in private enterprises.Let’s look at the fairness between "within the system" and "outside the system". In real life, this pair of concepts can be understood in two ways. One means that institutions and state-owned enterprises are regarded as "within the system", while others are regarded as "outside the system". Among the 144 million paid-in employees, there are 44.52 million in government institutions and 29.28 million in state-owned enterprises, totaling 73.8 million, which shows that the number of paid-in employees in the "system" is basically in a "saturated" state; Another understanding is that "within the system" refers to the formal employment sector, "outside the system" refers to the informal employment sector, and the formal employment sector has broad and narrow meanings. With government agencies, institutions and state-owned enterprises basically saturated, private enterprises will become the main force to participate in the provident fund at present and in the future. For example, in 2018, there were 19.9 million new accounts opened in the provident fund, of which private enterprises accounted for 50% (9.94 million), which shows that the proportion of private enterprises will gradually increase in the process of expanding coverage in the future. In the formal employment group, it is unfair to employees who have not participated in the provident fund, but the expansion of coverage needs a process. The state has issued documents many times to expand the coverage of the provident fund, which requires the joint efforts of employers, employees and the whole society, and the coverage of social insurance has also gone through such a process. For example,The basic old-age insurance for employees of urban enterprises covered only 136 million people 20 years ago, and reached 967 million in 2019. However, if the provident fund is abolished, the employees who have not joined and those who have joined will lose their opportunities forever. As long as this system exists, opportunities will exist.
　　
　　Main problems and reform suggestions of housing provident fund system
　　
　　The Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economic System in the New Era, which was just released on March 18th, 2020, pointed out: "Reform the housing provident fund system".
　　
　　The author believes that this is the most authoritative and latest tone of the central government on housing provident fund, and its attitude is very clear, that is "reform", not "cancellation", and I fully agree with it. Since the central government’s attitude is still clear, if we want to reform, we should first make clear what the problems are in the provident fund, and then discuss what the solution is, not whether to cancel it, but whether to reform it. There may be many problems with the provident fund, for example, whether older employees who have no need to buy houses have the right to quit, whether individual employees have the right to choose the proportion of contributions within the upper limit, and so on.
　　
　　However, there have been two biggest problems with the housing provident fund: First, the investment method is single and the rate of return is too low. For example, the value-added rate of return in 2018 is only 1.56%; The direct result of the low value-added rate of return is that the deposit interest paid by employees is too low, and the interest is only calculated at 1.5%. If calculated according to the market-oriented investment rate of return, the loss is huge. Take the balance of 802.3 billion yuan in 2018 as an example. If it is entrusted to the National Social Security Fund Council for investment and the rate of return is assumed to be 6%, the interest income this year will be as high as 28 billion. Therefore, after more than 20 years, the interest loss will be several hundred billion yuan. For individual employees, the interest rate of 1.5% is far from outperforming the inflation rate, and the risk of depreciation is very obvious. The funds deposited in the account are shrinking every year; The interest rate of 1.5% is at least 10 percentage points lower than the social average wage growth rate, resulting in "welfare loss" doubling every few years. In the past 22 years, the unit proportional payment is almost equivalent to "nothing". In the past 22 years, the wage growth rate and population growth rate have exceeded 14%, which is called "biological rate of return" and "internal rate of return" (we can roughly understand it as actual purchasing power). Minus the interest-bearing level of 1.5%, the annual "welfare loss" will be at least 12%. After 22 years, the welfare loss of employees will be astronomical.From the perspective of the whole society, this is a huge loss of social welfare and a "transfer" of social wealth. The second problem is that the surplus funds can’t be used in the whole country between the areas with low overall planning level and high loan ratio (for example, 99.5% in Tianjin) and the areas with low loan ratio (for example, 78% in Qinghai). From the perspective of the whole society, the low level of fund management and regional separatism reduce the efficiency of "mutual assistance" of surplus funds.
　　
　　In view of the above analysis, there are problems in the provident fund system, but we should not give up eating because of choking. We should solve the problems in the provident fund as soon as possible, and we should not turn a blind eye to them. Otherwise, we will be irresponsible to the paid employees. From a certain point of view, we will "fatten" the state-owned banks with low-priced and high-quality assets. Since some scholars have put forward a motion to cancel the provident fund, policy makers should act as soon as possible with a sense of urgency and a high sense of responsibility for the people’s interests, so as not to let a good livelihood system become a "soft rib" for a long time. In order to get rid of the above two main disadvantages, the author puts forward four reform ideas or four reform options.
　　
　　First, expand the function and optimize the structure without changing the nature of the current administrative institution of the housing provident fund center.This is an improved scheme, the easiest and most convenient scheme, and the existing system and mechanism will not be changed. The areas of "improvement" include: in the investment system, we can adopt the mode that the basic old-age insurance fund for urban workers entrusts the National Social Security Fund Council to invest, and the provinces sign contracts with the National Social Security Fund Council respectively and agree on specific matters such as investment return rate, and all the real investment income is distributed to the paid employees as interest. In terms of business scope, provident fund centers in first-and second-tier cities are allowed to use value-added income and other funds to directly invest in and hold rental housing, and support paid employees to solve housing problems through leasing; Expand the coverage of deposits to cover urban migrant workers and even freelancers; At the level of overall planning, it will be promoted to national overall planning, and the mutual integration of funds between cities will be strengthened. Deposited employees can continue to deposit in different places, extract and use in different places, and lend; Establish a new loan allocation mechanism in the use of extraction, tilt towards low-and middle-income groups, and increase support for rental housing; Improve the efficiency in the operation mechanism and simplify the procedures for extraction and use; Strengthen the publicity according to law in supervision and regularly disclose information.
　　
　　Second, the national housing provident fund management company, a policy-based non-bank financial institution with independent legal person, was reorganized and established (the idea of "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac" in the United States).The national housing provident fund management company issues bonds and securities in the capital market with national credit, expands the fund pool, and provides liquidity support and policy guarantee for ordinary people to use the housing provident fund; In terms of the use of funds, the National Housing Provident Fund Management Company does not directly issue loans, but supports the basic housing needs of paid employees by providing low-interest and long-term credit guarantees for paid employees. After being guaranteed by the provident fund management company, paid employees can choose any provident fund center and commercial bank to obtain loans. This method can promote the competition between provident fund centers and commercial banks, and improve the efficiency and service level of housing loans for paid employees. At the same time, the national housing provident fund management company provides funds for the provident fund centers and commercial banks by purchasing their mortgage assets in bulk. In the first-and second-tier cities with high housing prices, we will support the construction and operation of rental housing through loans or direct investment, and promote "both rent and purchase". Establish a national overall planning mechanism and a national housing provident fund fund fund management platform to realize national deposit and withdrawal and interbank lending; In terms of operation mechanism and supervision mechanism, it operates in the way of corporate governance structure of financial institutions and accepts supervision.
　　
　　Thirdly, the policy-oriented National Housing Bank was reorganized and established (the idea of China Postal Savings Bank).Based on the model of housing savings banks in developed countries, the national provident fund center will be reorganized into a unified national independent legal person financial institution, and the provincial and municipal provident fund centers will be reorganized into branches of the National Housing Bank, and bonds and securities will be issued in the capital market with national credit; Carry out policy-based housing savings business, establish a differential credit mechanism, and provide more favorable housing financial support to low-and middle-income groups, which can be deposited and connected in different places, and used and loaned in different places; Issue project loans to rental housing construction. In the operation mechanism, it operates according to the corporate governance structure of modern financial institutions, and establishes an incentive mechanism to promote efficiency and risk control; According to the regulatory mechanism of policy finance, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is responsible for the formulation and supervision of housing policy rules, while the central bank and the China Banking Regulatory Commission are responsible for the formulation and supervision of banking regulatory rules.
　　
　　Fourth, merge with enterprise annuity and integrate it into a comprehensive provident fund system (the idea of Singapore Central Provident Fund).Considering the aging trend, following the principle of life cycle, taking into account the capital needs of urban residents in housing and pension, a unified personal provident fund account will be established throughout the country. According to the housing and pension, two sub-accounts are set up. The housing account implements "low deposit and low loan", and the funds in the housing account can be extracted for renting or buying housing. When employees have no provident fund loans or housing consumption needs, the funds in the housing account are transferred to the pension account. Set up a policy-based non-bank financial institution to be responsible for the investment and operation of the comprehensive provident fund pool, and play the dual role of the current housing provident fund and enterprise annuity.
　　
　　(The author is a member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and director of the World Social Security Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences)
　　
　　

　　CCTV News:The so-called brain-like intelligence, also known as neuromorphological computing, is to simulate the morphological structure and information processing mechanism of the human brain. In recent years, China has accelerated the development of this field, and has formed a number of internationally influential scientific research teams and innovative enterprises, which have been applied in medical and health, education and other industries.

　　A few days ago, at the opening ceremony of the Asian Paralympic Games in Hangzhou, swimmer Xu Jialing lit the main torch tower through the intelligent bionic hand installed on her left arm through brain control. This is the research and development place of this intelligent bionic hand. A staff member is wearing a bionic hand and writing the words "self-improvement" with a brush. By constructing a bionic neuromuscular pathway, the wearer can accurately control each finger and rebuild the hand motor function. This is another staff member wearing another product of the same style as the torchbearer of the Hangzhou Asian Paralympic Games for functional demonstration.

　　The staff told reporters that no matter what kind of bionic products, they all use a core technology called brain-computer interface. By collecting brain waves in real time, analyzing and decoding them with some device and converting them into control signals, things can be controlled. At present, these products have helped thousands of disabled people return to normal life. At the same time, these technologies are also used to help autistic children to carry out rehabilitation treatment and relieve sleep disorders and stress anxiety.

　　China accelerates the strategic development of brain-like intelligence

　　With the progress of science and technology and the rapid development of artificial intelligence, brain science and brain-like research have become the focus of global scientific and technological competition. At present, the research level of brain-like intelligence in China is at the forefront of the world.

　　In 2021, the Ministry of Science and Technology issued guidelines for the application of major projects of "Brain Science and Brain-like Research", and deployed nearly 60 research directions. Brain science research based on exploring the mysteries of the brain and overcoming brain diseases, as well as brain-like research to establish and develop artificial intelligence technology, have been described as "China Brain Project" by all walks of life.

　　In 2017, China put forward the development goal of making a major breakthrough in the field of brain-like intelligence in 2030. In recent years, China has also established a national engineering laboratory for brain-like intelligence technology and application. At the same time, many universities have set up brain-like intelligence research institutions to carry out brain-like intelligence research.

　　Local planning promotes the landing of brain-like intelligence industry

　　Under the guidance of the national strategy, various localities have successively issued policy plans, vigorously supported the development of brain science and brain-like research, and focused on promoting the research and development and industrialization of key technologies such as brain-computer interface.

　　At present, many provinces and cities have incorporated brain-like intelligence and related fields into the local "14 th Five-Year Plan" as the future industries to focus on. Such as brain-computer fusion in Shanghai, brain-like intelligence in Shandong, Liaoning and Chongqing, and brain-like chips in Zhejiang.

　　Moreover, some places have taken substantial steps in promoting the development of brain-computer intelligence industry. Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province is building a brain-computer intelligent industrial chain to promote the development of a number of outstanding enterprises and scientific research teams. In Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, a few months ago, the innovation alliance of brain science and brain-like intelligence industry was formally established, and at the same time, a number of major scientific and technological infrastructures including brain analysis and brain simulation were launched.

　　At present, the Institute of Brain Cognition and Brain Diseases of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has published the brain atlas of the world’s leading primates and more than 400 high-level papers, and obtained nearly 250 patents, realizing the industrialization from "1" to "100".

　　The more "calculated" big data is, the more "real" it leads to high-quality development.

　　As a province that developed the big data industry earlier in the western region, Guizhou has grasped the "cow nose" of computing power in recent years, followed the national strategy of "counting east and counting west" and vigorously developed the "computing economy". At the same time, Guizhou promotes digital technology to fully empower the real economy and lead the economy and society to achieve high-quality development.

　　In Guizhou Information Park of China Telecom, located in Gui ‘an New District, Guizhou Province, more than 100,000 servers carried on 13,000 racks are providing data services and computing support for the hot cities in the north, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and the east. Among them, more than 100 servers belong to an industry leading team in Beijing.

　　In recent years, Guizhou Province will develop the strategy of big data rising. In 2022, Guizhou became one of the nodes of China’s home computing hub in the national strategy of "East Counting and West Computing", and became one of the regions with the largest number of super-large data centers in the world. Rich computing power has become a unique advantage resource in Guizhou.

　　At present, there are 37 key data centers under construction and put into operation in Guizhou, including 14 very large data centers. The construction of the national integrated computing network country (Guizhou) main hub center project with an investment of 1 billion yuan is accelerating.

　　Computing economy has become the leading industry of digital economy in Guizhou, and digital technology is also fully empowering Guizhou’s economic and social development.

　　This tire manufacturer located in xiuwen county, Guiyang is the main manufacturer of special tires such as trucks, buses and construction machinery in China. In the past, the high production cost and uncontrollable quality of enterprises affected their market competitiveness and brand influence. In 2018, Guizhou Province launched the "Integration of All Enterprises" campaign, and plans to use big data technologies, concepts and methods to promote the digitalization, networking and intelligent transformation of traditional industries and lead the realization of high-quality development of the whole society. Through digital transformation, this tire enterprise has built an intelligent manufacturing factory to the most advanced level in the world, and initially realized intelligent manufacturing in the whole process.

　　Over the past five years, more than 40,000 entities in Guizhou Province have participated in the evaluation, and more than 10,000 enterprises have obtained the digital transformation plan "tailored" by national professional institutions or localization professional teams, and implemented digital transformation. The deep integration index of big data and real economy in Guizhou Province increased from 33.8 to 44.5, and the overall cost-expense ratio and sales profit rate of enterprises in the province decreased by 0.73% and increased by 0.82% on average, and the integration process as a whole entered an intermediate stage.

For a long time, people always associate China brand cars with the word "cheap", but in recent years, China automobile brands have developed rapidly. By the way, I will arrange 07DM-i for you today. As for the outstanding performance of the car, please read it together.

Let’s take a look at the appearance of seal 07DM-i first. The front face of seal 07DM-i has taken a capable route and looks very elegant. Coupled with headlights, the momentum is quite sufficient. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, automatic opening and closing, adaptive far and near light, delayed closing and so on. Coming to the side of the car body, the size of the car body is 4980 mm * 1890 mm * 1495 mm. The car adopts dynamic and lively lines, and the side circumference gives people a very fashionable and dynamic feeling. With large-sized thick-walled tires, the shape is eye-catching. Looking back, the rear of the car echoes the front face, the taillight style is more capable, and the overall shape is still very eye-catching.

Sitting in the car, the interior of Seal 07DM-i looks very full and easily touches the hearts of young consumers. The steering wheel of this car is well designed, equipped with the functions of manual steering wheel up and down+front and rear adjustment, steering wheel heating, etc., and the shape is fashionable and dynamic. Take a look at the central control, with the 15.6-inch touch-sensitive LCD central control screen, which makes the interior style impressive and meets the aesthetic standards of most consumers. Let Xiaobian introduce the dashboard and seats. The dashboard of this car presents an elegant design style and looks very hard-core. The car uses leather seats, which are wide and thick, improving the ride experience of drivers and passengers.

Seal 07DM-i performs well in space, and the leg and head space are quite comfortable, which brings better riding experience. In addition, the car is equipped with fatigue warning, anti-lock braking (ABS), LED daytime running lights, brake assist (EBA/BAS, etc.), braking force distribution (EBD) main driving airbag, co-pilot airbag, knee airbag, side airbag curtain, front side airbag and other safety configurations.

The model class introduced today is the most considered class when many people buy their first car, mainly because the size of this class is moderate and the price is reasonable. If you like, you can pay more attention to it!