Enactment amendment

Adopted at the 17th meeting of the 10th the NPC Standing Committee on August 28th, 2005, promulgated by Decree No.38 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on August 28th, 2005, and effective as of March 1st, 2006; According to the 29th meeting of the 11th the NPC Standing Committee on October 26th, 2012, promulgated by Decree No.67 of the President of the People’s Republic of China on October 26th, 2012, and implemented since January 1st, 2013, the Decision of the NPC Standing Committee on Amending the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Public Security Administration Punishment; Adopted by the 29th meeting of the 11th the NPC Standing Committee of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on October 26th, 2012, and shall come into force on January 1st, 2013.

Legal content

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1 This Law is formulated for the purpose of maintaining public order, ensuring public safety, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, and standardizing and ensuring that public security organs and their people’s police perform their duties of public security administration according to law.

Article 2 Whoever disturbs public order, impairs public safety, infringes upon personal rights and property rights, impairs social management and is socially harmful and constitutes a crime in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; If it is not serious enough for criminal punishment, the public security organ shall impose administrative penalties for public security in accordance with this law.

Article 3 The provisions of this Law shall apply to the procedures of administrative penalties for public security; Where there are no provisions in this law, the relevant provisions of the Administrative Punishment Law of the People’s Republic of China shall apply.

Article 4 This Law shall apply to acts that violate the administration of public security within the territory of People’s Republic of China (PRC), except as otherwise provided by law.

Unless otherwise specified by law, this Law shall apply to acts that violate the administration of public security on ships and aircraft in People’s Republic of China (PRC).

Fifth public security management punishment must be based on facts, and the nature, circumstances and social harm of violations of public security management are equivalent.

The implementation of public security management punishment should be open and fair, respect and protect human rights, and protect the personal dignity of citizens.

Handling public security cases should adhere to the principle of combining education with punishment.

Article 6 People’s governments at all levels shall strengthen the comprehensive management of social security and take effective measures to resolve social contradictions, enhance social harmony and maintain social stability.

Article 7 The public security department of the State Council is responsible for the administration of public security throughout the country. The public security organs of local people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the administration of public security within their respective administrative areas.

The jurisdiction of public security cases shall be stipulated by the public security department of the State Council.

Article 8 If an act violating the administration of public security causes damage to others, the actor or his guardian shall bear civil liability according to law.

Article 9 The public security organ may mediate and handle minor acts that violate the administration of public security, such as fighting or damaging other people’s property caused by civil disputes. If the parties reach an agreement through mediation by the public security organ, they will not be punished. If the mediation fails to reach an agreement or fails to perform after reaching an agreement, the public security organ shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Law, punish the violator of public security administration and inform the parties concerned that they can bring a civil lawsuit to the people’s court in accordance with the law.

Chapter II Types and Application of Punishment

Tenth types of public security management punishment are divided into:

(1) warning;

(2) a fine;

(3) Administrative detention;

(4) Revoking the license issued by the public security organ.

Foreigners who violate the administration of public security may be additionally applied to leave the country within a time limit or be deported.

Article 11 contraband such as drugs and obscene articles, gambling paraphernalia, paraphernalia for taking or injecting drugs, and my own tools directly used to commit acts violating the administration of public security seized in handling public security cases shall be confiscated and dealt with according to regulations.

Property obtained in violation of public security administration shall be recovered and returned to the infringed person; If there are no infringers, they shall be registered, auctioned in public or disposed of in accordance with relevant state regulations, and the proceeds shall be turned over to the state treasury.

Twelfth people over the age of 14 but under the age of 18 who violate the administration of public security shall be given a lighter or mitigated punishment; Persons under the age of 14 who violate the administration of public security shall not be punished, but their guardians shall be ordered to strictly discipline them.

Thirteenth mental patients who violate the administration of public security when they can’t identify or control their own behavior shall not be punished, but their guardians shall be ordered to strictly guard and treat them. Intermittent mental patients who violate the administration of public security when they are mentally normal shall be punished.

Fourteenth blind or deaf and dumb people who violate the administration of public security may be given a lighter, mitigated or not punished.

Fifteenth drunken people who violate the administration of public security shall be punished.

If a drunken person is in danger to himself or threatens the personal, property or public safety of others, protective measures should be taken to restrain him until he wakes up.

Sixteenth there are two or more violations of public security management, decided separately, combined execution. If the punishment of administrative detention is combined, the longest time shall not exceed 20 days.

Seventeenth joint violations of public security management, according to the role of the violator in the violation of public security management, were punished.

Those who instigate, coerce or trick others into violating the administration of public security shall be punished according to their acts of instigation, coercion or deception.

Article 18 If a unit violates the administration of public security, the person directly in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of this Law. If other laws and administrative regulations provide for the punishment of the same act, the punishment shall be in accordance with its provisions.

Nineteenth violation of public security management in any of the following circumstances, mitigated punishment or no punishment:

(a) the circumstances are particularly minor;

(two) take the initiative to eliminate or mitigate the illegal consequences, and obtain the understanding of the infringed;

(3) Being coerced or deceived by others;

(four) voluntarily surrender, truthfully state their illegal acts to the public security organs;

(5) Having rendered meritorious service.

Twentieth violation of public security management in any of the following circumstances, shall be given a heavier punishment:

(1) Having serious consequences;

(2) instigating, coercing or tricking others into violating the administration of public security;

(three) to take revenge on informants, accusers, informants and witnesses;

(4) Having been punished by public security administration within 6 months.

Article 21 If an offender who violates the administration of public security is under any of the following circumstances and should be given administrative detention punishment according to this Law, the administrative detention punishment shall not be executed:

(a) has reached the age of 14 but under the age of 16;

(2) Having reached the age of 16 but under the age of 18, violating the administration of public security for the first time;

(three) more than 70 years old;

(four) pregnant or nursing their own baby under one year old.

Twenty-second violations of public security management have not been discovered by the public security organs within 6 months, and will not be punished.

The time limit prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be counted from the date of the violation of public security administration; If the violation of public security management has a continuous or continuous state, it shall be counted from the date of the end of the act.

Chapter III Acts and Penalties for Violation of Public Security Administration

Section 1 Acts and penalties for disturbing public order

Twenty-third one of the following acts, a warning or a fine of 200 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(1) Disrupting the order of organs, organizations, enterprises and institutions, resulting in work, production, business, medical treatment, teaching and scientific research not being carried out normally, but causing no serious losses;

(2) disturbing the order of stations, ports, docks, airports, shopping malls, parks, exhibition halls or other public places;

(3) disturbing the order on buses, trams, trains, ships, aircraft or other public transport;

(four) illegal interception or forced boarding, boarding motor vehicles, ships, aircraft and other means of transport, affecting the normal running of vehicles;

(5) Disrupting the election order conducted according to law.

Whoever gathers people to commit the acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined up to 1000 yuan.

Twenty-fourth any of the following acts, disrupting the order of large-scale mass activities such as culture and sports, shall be given a warning or a fine of not more than 200 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(a) forced to enter the venue;

(two) in violation of regulations, setting off fireworks or other items in the venue;

(three) display insulting slogans, banners and other items;

(4) Besieging referees, athletes or other staff members;

(five) throwing debris into the venue, not listening to stop;

(six) other acts that disrupt the order of large-scale mass activities.

Those who are punished by detention for disturbing the order of sports competitions may also be ordered not to enter sports venues to watch similar competitions within 12 months; Those who enter sports venues in violation of regulations are forcibly taken away from the scene.

Twenty-fifth anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined up to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(a) spreading rumors, lying about dangerous situations, epidemic situations, police situations or deliberately disturbing public order by other means;

(2) Disrupting public order by throwing false explosive, toxic, radioactive and corrosive substances or infectious disease pathogens;

(3) Threatening to set fire, explode or throw dangerous substances to disturb public order.

Twenty-sixth one of the following acts, shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may be fined up to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined in 1000 yuan:

(a) gang fights;

(2) Chasing or intercepting others;

(three) extort or arbitrarily damage or occupy public or private property;

(four) other acts of provocation.

Twenty-seventh anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined up to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are relatively minor, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined in 500 yuan:

(1) Organizing, instigating, coercing, cajoling or inciting others to engage in cult, cult or superstitious activities, disrupting social order and harming others’ health;

(two) using religion or qigong to disrupt social order and harm the health of others.

Article 28 Whoever, in violation of state regulations, intentionally interferes with the normal operation of radio services, or causes harmful interference to radio stations (stations) operating normally, refuses to take effective measures to eliminate them after being pointed out by the relevant competent departments, shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days.

Twenty-ninth anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for less than 5 days; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days:

(a) in violation of state regulations, intrusion into the computer information system, causing harm;

(two) in violation of state regulations, delete, modify, increase or interfere with the functions of the computer information system, resulting in the computer information system can not operate normally;

(three) in violation of state regulations, the data and applications stored, processed and transmitted in the computer information system are deleted, modified or added;

(four) deliberately making and spreading destructive programs such as computer viruses, which affect the normal operation of computer information systems.

Section 2 Acts and Penalties for Disrupting Public Security

Article 30 Whoever, in violation of state regulations, manufactures, trades, stores, transports, mails, carries, uses, provides or disposes of explosive, toxic, radioactive and corrosive substances or infectious disease pathogens shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days.

Thirty-first explosive, toxic, radioactive, corrosive substances or infectious disease pathogens and other dangerous substances are stolen, robbed or lost, and they are not reported as required, and they are detained for up to five days; Those who deliberately conceal and fail to report shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days.

Article 32 Whoever illegally carries guns, ammunition, crossbows, daggers and other control devices prescribed by the state shall be detained for not more than five days and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, a warning or a fine of less than 200 yuan shall be imposed.

Whoever illegally carries guns, ammunition, crossbows, daggers and other state-regulated control devices into public places or public transport shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan.

Article 33 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days:

(a) theft, damage to oil and gas pipeline facilities, power telecommunications facilities, radio and television facilities, water conservancy and flood control engineering facilities or public facilities such as hydrological monitoring, measurement, meteorological forecasting, environmental monitoring, geological monitoring and earthquake monitoring;

(2) moving or damaging boundary markers, boundary markers and other border signs, border facilities or territorial and territorial sea mark facilities on the national border;

(three) illegal activities that affect the direction of the national (frontier) boundary or the construction of facilities that hinder the management of the national (frontier) territory.

Article 34 Whoever steals, damages or moves aviation facilities in use without authorization or forcibly enters the cockpit of an aircraft shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days.

Those who use instruments and tools that may affect the normal function of the navigation system on the aircraft in use and do not listen to dissuasion shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 35 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(a) theft, damage or unauthorized movement of railway facilities, equipment, locomotive and rolling stock parts or safety signs;

(two) placing obstacles on the railway line, or deliberately throwing objects at the train;

(three) digging holes and quarrying sand in railway lines, bridges and culverts;

(4) setting up crossings or level crossings privately on railway lines.

Thirty-sixth unauthorized access to the railway protection network or the train comes to walk on the railway line, sit and lie down, grab the railway, affecting traffic safety, be warned or fined up to 200 yuan.

Article 37 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not more than 5 days or fined for not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(a) without approval, the installation and use of power grid, or the installation and use of power grid does not meet the safety requirements;

(two) in the construction of vehicles and pedestrians, there is no cover, fence and warning signs for ditches, wells and caves, or the cover, fence and warning signs are intentionally damaged or moved;

(three) theft, damage to road manhole covers, lighting and other public facilities.

Thirty-eighth large-scale mass activities such as culture and sports, in violation of relevant regulations, are in danger of safety accidents, and shall be ordered to stop activities and evacuate immediately; The organizer shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 39 Management personnel of hotels, restaurants, theaters, amusement parks, sports grounds, exhibition halls or other places for public activities who violate safety regulations and cause the place to be in danger of safety accidents shall be detained for not more than five days after being ordered by the public security organ to make corrections.

Section 3 Acts and Penalties for Infringement of Personal and Property Rights

Fortieth whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are relatively minor, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan:

(1) Organizing, coercing or tricking people under the age of 16 or disabled people into performing horrible and cruel performances;

(2) forcing others to work by violence, threat or other means;

(3) Illegally restricting the personal freedom of others, illegally invading other people’s houses or illegally searching other people’s bodies.

Article 41 Whoever coerces, lures or uses others to beg shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may also be fined not more than 1000 yuan.

Those who repeatedly pester, forcibly beg or beg in other ways that disturb others shall be detained for up to 5 days or given a warning.

Article 42 Anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not more than 5 days or fined for not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(1) writing threatening letters or threatening the personal safety of others by other means;

(2) publicly insulting others or fabricating facts to slander others;

(3) fabricating facts, falsely accusing and framing others, and attempting to subject others to criminal investigation or punishment by public security administration;

(4) Threatening, insulting, beating or retaliating against witnesses and their close relatives;

(5) sending obscene, insulting, intimidating or other information for many times to interfere with the normal life of others;

(six) voyeurism, sneak shots, eavesdropping, spreading the privacy of others.

Article 43 Whoever beats another person, or intentionally hurts another person’s body, shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Under any of the following circumstances, he shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan:

(a) gang beating, hurting others;

(2) Beating or injuring a disabled person, a pregnant woman, a person under the age of 14 or a person over the age of 60;

(3) Beating or injuring others for many times or beating or injuring more than one person at a time.

Article 44 Whoever molests others, or intentionally exposes his body in public places, if the circumstances are bad, shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days; Whoever molests mentally disabled persons, mental patients, people under the age of 14 or has other serious circumstances shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days.

Article 45 Anyone who commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not more than five days or given a warning:

(1) maltreating a family member, and the abused person requests to deal with it;

(2) Abandoning a dependant who has no ability to live independently.

Article 46 Whoever buys or sells goods by force or forces others to provide services or force others to accept services shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall also be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 47 Whoever incites ethnic hatred or discrimination, or publishes ethnic discrimination or insults in publications or computer information networks shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may also be fined not more than 1000 yuan.

Article 48 Whoever impersonates, conceals, destroys, opens or illegally checks other people’s mail without permission shall be detained for not more than five days or fined for not more than 500 yuan.

Article 49 Whoever steals, swindles, plunders, robs, extorts or intentionally damages public or private property shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined less than 1000 yuan.

Section 4 Acts and Penalties for Obstruction of Social Management

Fiftieth one of the following acts, a warning or a fine of 200 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined for 500 yuan:

(a) refusing to implement the decisions and orders issued by the people’s government in accordance with the law in case of emergency;

(two) hinder the staff of state organs to perform their duties according to law;

(3) Obstructing the passage of vehicles such as fire engines, ambulances, engineering rescue vehicles and police cars performing emergency tasks;

(four) forcibly breaking into the warning tape and the warning zone set up by the public security organs.

Whoever obstructs the people’s police from performing their duties according to law shall be given a heavier punishment.

Article 51 Whoever pretends to be a functionary of a state organ or swindles and swindles with other false identities shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and may also be fined not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Whoever impersonates military and police personnel to swindle and swindle shall be given a heavier punishment.

Article 52 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined up to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are relatively minor, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and may also be fined in 500 yuan:

(1) Forging, altering or buying or selling official documents, certificates, certification documents and seals of state organs, people’s organizations, enterprises, institutions or other organizations;

(2) buying, selling or using forged or altered official documents, certificates and supporting documents of state organs, people’s organizations, enterprises, institutions or other organizations;

(3) Forging, altering or reselling tickets, boat tickets, air tickets, tickets for theatrical performances, tickets for sports competitions or other valuable tickets and vouchers;

(4) Forging or altering a ship’s registration plate, buying, selling or using a forged or altered ship’s registration plate, or altering a ship’s engine number.

Article 53 Where a ship enters or stops in waters or islands prohibited or restricted by the state without authorization, the person in charge of the ship and the relevant responsible personnel shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for less than 5 days and fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan.

Article 54 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(a) in violation of state regulations, without registration, in the name of social organizations, but still carry out activities after being banned;

(2) A social organization whose registration has been revoked according to law still conducts activities in the name of a social organization;

(three) without permission, operating an industry that requires the permission of the public security organ in accordance with state regulations.

Any act mentioned in the third paragraph shall be banned.

If an operator who has obtained the license from the public security organ violates the relevant state regulations and the circumstances are serious, the public security organ may revoke the license.

Article 55 Whoever incites or plans an illegal assembly, procession or demonstration and does not listen to dissuasion shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days.

Article 56 Hotel workers who fail to register the names, types and numbers of identity documents of the staying passengers as required, or who knowingly bring dangerous substances into the hotel and fail to stop them, shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.

Staff in the hotel industry who know that the passengers staying are criminal suspects or wanted by the public security organs and do not report to the public security organs shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be detained for less than 5 days and may be fined less than 500 yuan.

Article 57 Where a lessor rents a house to a person without identity documents, or fails to register the lessee’s name, type and number of identity documents as required, he shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.

If the lessor of the house knows that the lessee uses the leased house for criminal activities and fails to report to the public security organ, he shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be detained for less than 5 days and may be fined less than 500 yuan.

Fifty-eighth in violation of the laws and regulations on the prevention and control of noise pollution in social life, making noise to interfere with the normal life of others, be warned; Those who do not make corrections after warning shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.

Fifty-ninth one of the following acts, a fine of more than 500 yuan and less than 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan:

(1) The pawnbroker fails to check the relevant certificates, fails to perform the registration procedures, or fails to report to the public security organ knowing that it is a criminal suspect or stolen goods;

(two) in violation of state regulations, the acquisition of railways, oil fields, power supply, telecommunications, mines, water conservancy, surveying and urban public facilities and other waste special equipment;

(3) purchasing stolen goods or articles suspected of stolen goods notified by public security organs for investigation;

(four) the acquisition of other items prohibited by the state.

Article 60 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan:

(1) Hiding, transferring, selling off or damaging the property seized, sealed up or frozen by administrative law enforcement organs according to law;

(two) forgery, concealment, destruction of evidence or providing false testimony, lying about the case, affecting the administrative law enforcement organs in handling cases according to law;

(3) Concealing, transferring or selling on behalf of others knowing that it is stolen goods;

(4) A criminal who is under public surveillance according to law, deprived of political rights, on probation or temporarily serving his sentence outside prison, or a person who is subject to criminal compulsory measures according to law, has violated laws, administrative regulations or the supervision and management regulations of the relevant departments of the State Council.

Article 61 Whoever assists in organizing or transporting others to cross the country (border) illegally shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and shall also be fined not less than 5,000 yuan in 1000 yuan.

Article 62 Whoever provides conditions for people who cross the country (border) illegally shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days, and shall also be fined not less than 2,000 yuan in 500 yuan.

Those who illegally cross the country (border) shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Sixty-third one of the following acts, a warning or a fine of 200 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 5 days and less than 10 days, and shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan:

(1) Delineating, smearing or otherwise intentionally damaging cultural relics and places of interest under state protection;

(two) in violation of state regulations, blasting, excavation and other activities in the vicinity of cultural relics protection units, endangering the safety of cultural relics.

Article 64 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan:

(a) stealing another person’s motor vehicle;

(2) Driving or stealing another person’s aircraft or motor ship without a driver’s license.

Article 65 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for not less than 5 days but not more than 10 days; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may also be fined for 1000 yuan:

(1) Deliberately destroying or defacing the graves of others or destroying or discarding the bones and ashes of others;

(2) Parking a corpse in a public place or refusing to listen to dissuasion because parking a corpse affects the normal life and work order of others.

Article 66 Whoever engages in prostitution or whoring shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may also be fined not more than 5,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Whoever soliciting prostitutes in public places shall be detained for not more than five days or fined for not more than 500 yuan.

Article 67 Whoever lures, shelters or introduces others to prostitution shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may be fined not more than 5,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 68 Whoever makes, transports, copies, sells or rents obscene books, periodicals, pictures, films, audio-visual products and other obscene articles or uses computer information networks, telephones and other communication tools to disseminate obscene information shall be detained for not less than 10 days but not more than 15 days, and may also be fined not more than 3,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan.

Article 69 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined from 500 yuan to 1000 yuan:

(1) Organizing the broadcasting of obscene audio and video;

(2) Organizing or performing obscene performances;

(three) to participate in the activities of gathering people for fornication.

Whoever knowingly provides conditions for others to engage in the activities mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 70 Whoever, for the purpose of making profits, provides conditions for gambling, or participates in gambling with a large amount of money, shall be detained for not more than 5 days or fined for not more than 500 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, he shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall be fined more than 3,000 yuan in 500 yuan.

Article 71 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may be fined not more than 3,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(1) Illegally planting less than 500 opium poppies or a small amount of other original drugs;

(2) illegally buying, selling, transporting, carrying or holding a small amount of seeds or seedlings of narcotic plants such as opium poppy that have not been inactivated;

(3) illegally transporting, trading, storing or using a small amount of poppy shells.

Whoever commits the act mentioned in the preceding paragraph and eradicates himself before maturity shall not be punished.

Article 72 Whoever commits one of the following acts shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and may be fined up to 2,000 yuan; If the circumstances are minor, they shall be detained for less than 5 days or fined for less than 500 yuan:

(a) illegal possession of opium less than 200 grams, heroin or methamphetamine less than 10 grams or other small amounts of drugs;

(2) Providing drugs to others;

(3) taking or injecting drugs;

(4) coercing or deceiving medical personnel to prescribe narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs.

Article 73 Whoever instigates, lures or deceives others to take or inject drugs shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days, and shall also be fined more than 2,000 yuan in 500 yuan.

Article 74 Personnel in hotels, catering services, cultural and entertainment industries, taxi industry and other units who tip off the criminals when the public security organs investigate and deal with drug abuse, gambling, prostitution and whoring activities shall be detained for more than 10 days and less than 15 days.

Article 75 Anyone who raises animals and interferes with the normal life of others shall be given a warning; Those who do not correct after warning, or allow animals to intimidate others, shall be fined from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.

Whoever drives animals to harm others shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 43 of this Law.

Article 76 Whoever commits any of the acts mentioned in Articles 67, 68 and 70 of this Law and refuses to mend his ways after repeated education may take compulsory education measures in accordance with the provisions of the state.

Chapter IV Punishment Procedure

Section 1 Investigation

Article 77 The public security organ shall promptly accept and register cases of violation of public security management referred by other administrative departments and judicial organs for those who report, accuse, report or violate public security management.

Article 78 After accepting a report, complaint, report or surrender, the public security organ shall immediately investigate if it considers that it is a violation of public security administration; If it is considered that it is not a violation of public security administration, it shall inform the informant, accuser, informant and surrender, and explain the reasons.

Article 79 Public security organs and their people’s police shall investigate public security cases according to law. It is strictly forbidden to extort confessions by torture or collect evidence by threats, enticements, deception and other illegal means.

Evidence collected by illegal means shall not be used as the basis for punishment.

Article 80 When handling public security cases, public security organs and their people’s policemen shall keep confidential the state secrets, business secrets or personal privacy involved.

Eighty-first people’s police in the process of handling public security cases, in any of the following circumstances, should be avoided; The violator of public security administration, the infringed person or his legal representative also have the right to ask them to withdraw:

(a) is a party to the case or a close relative of the party;

(2) He or his close relatives have an interest in the case;

(3) Having other relations with the parties to the case, which may affect the fair handling of the case.

The withdrawal of the people’s police shall be decided by the public security organ to which it belongs; The withdrawal of the person in charge of the public security organ shall be decided by the public security organ at the next higher level.

Article 82 If it is necessary to summon a person who violates the administration of public security for investigation, he shall be summoned with a summons card with the approval of the person in charge of the case-handling department of the public security organ. The people’s police may summon the violator of public security management found on the spot orally after producing their work certificates, but it shall be indicated in the inquiry record.

The public security organ shall inform the summoned person of the reasons and basis for the summons. A person who refuses to accept a summons or evades it without justifiable reasons may be summoned by force.

Article 83 After being summoned, the public security organ shall promptly inquire and verify the person who violates the administration of public security, and the time for inquiry and verification shall not exceed 8 hours. If the situation is complicated and administrative detention punishment may be applied according to the provisions of this law, the time for inquiry and verification shall not exceed 24 hours.

The public security organ shall promptly notify the family members of the summoned person of the reasons and places for summoning.

Article 84 The record of inquiry shall be submitted to the person being questioned for verification; Those who are unable to read should be read out to them. If there are omissions or errors in the records, the person questioned may make additions or corrections. After the person questioned confirms that the transcript is correct, he shall sign or seal it, and the people’s police who inquire shall also sign the transcript.

If the person being questioned requests to provide written materials on the matters being questioned, it shall be allowed; When necessary, the people’s police may also ask the person being questioned to write by himself.

When inquiring about an offender under the age of 16 who violates the administration of public security, he shall notify his parents or other guardians to be present.

Article 85 The people’s police may ask the infringed person or other witnesses at their unit or residence. When necessary, they may also be notified to give testimony to the public security organs.

When the people’s police question the infringed person or other witnesses outside the public security organ, they shall produce their work certificates.

The provisions of Article 84 of this Law shall also apply to the questioning of the infringed person or other witnesses.

Article 86 When inquiring about the deaf-mute violator of public security administration, the victim or other witnesses, a person who knows sign language should provide assistance and make a note on the record.

When questioning the violator of public security administration, the victim or other witnesses who are not familiar with the spoken and written language commonly used in the local area, translators shall be provided and noted in the transcript.

Article 87 Public security organs may inspect places, articles and persons related to acts violating the administration of public security. At the time of inspection, the people’s police shall not be less than 2 people, and shall produce their work certificates and inspection certificates issued by the public security organs of the people’s governments at or above the county level. If it is really necessary to conduct an immediate inspection, the people’s police may conduct an on-the-spot inspection after presenting their work certificates, but the inspection certificate issued by the public security organ of the people’s government at or above the county level shall be presented when inspecting a citizen’s residence.

Physical examination of women should be carried out by female staff.

Eighty-eighth inspection records shall be made, which shall be signed or sealed by the inspector, the inspected and the witness; If the inspected refuses to sign, the people’s police shall indicate it on the record.

Article 89 When handling a public security case, the public security organ may seize the articles related to the case that need to be used as evidence; Property legally possessed by the infringed or a bona fide third party shall not be seized and shall be registered. Articles irrelevant to the case shall not be seized.

The seized articles shall be checked clearly together with the witnesses present and the holders of the seized articles, and a list shall be made in duplicate on the spot, signed or sealed by the investigators, witnesses and holders, one for the holder and the other for future reference.

The seized articles shall be properly kept and shall not be used for other purposes; Articles that are not suitable for long-term preservation shall be handled in accordance with relevant regulations. If it is found that it has nothing to do with the case, it shall be returned in time; If it is verified to be the lawful property of others, it shall be returned immediately after registration; If no one claims the property for six months or the obligee cannot be identified, it shall be auctioned publicly or handled in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, and the proceeds shall be turned over to the state treasury.

Article 90 In order to find out the facts of the case, if it is necessary to solve the controversial special problems in the case, a person with specialized knowledge shall be appointed or hired for appraisal; After appraisal, the appraiser shall write an appraisal opinion and sign it.

Section II Decisions

Article 91 The punishment for public security administration shall be decided by the public security organ of the people’s government at or above the county level; Among them, the warning and the fine below 500 yuan can be decided by the police station.

Article 92 For those who decide to impose administrative detention, the time when compulsory measures have been taken to restrict personal freedom before the punishment shall be credited. One day’s restriction of personal freedom will be reduced to one day’s administrative detention.

Article 93 When investigating a public security case, the public security organ may make a decision on administrative penalties for public security if there is no personal statement but other evidence can prove the facts of the case. However, if there is no other evidence to prove it, a decision on administrative penalties for public security cannot be made.

Article 94 Before making a decision on administrative penalties for public security, the public security organ shall inform the violator of administrative penalties for public security of the facts, reasons and basis, and inform the violator of their rights according to law.

Those who violate the administration of public security have the right to state and defend themselves. The public security organ must fully listen to the opinions of those who violate the administration of public security, and review the facts, reasons and evidence put forward by those who violate the administration of public security; If the facts, reasons or evidence put forward by the violator of public security administration are established, the public security organ shall adopt them.

The public security organ shall not increase the punishment because of the statements and defenses of the violators of public security administration.

Ninety-fifth after the investigation of public security cases, the public security organs shall make the following treatments according to different situations:

(a) there are indeed illegal acts that should be given administrative penalties for public security according to law, and a decision on punishment shall be made according to the seriousness and specific circumstances;

(two) no punishment according to law, or the illegal facts can not be established, make a decision not to punish;

(three) if the illegal act has been suspected of committing a crime, it shall be transferred to the competent authority for criminal responsibility according to law;

(4) If the violator of public security administration is found to have other illegal acts, it shall notify the relevant administrative departments to deal with the violation of public security administration while making a decision on punishment.

Article 96 Where a public security organ makes a decision on administrative penalties for public security, it shall make a written decision on administrative penalties for public security. The written decision shall contain the following contents:

(a) the name, sex, age, name and number of identity documents and address of the person being punished;

(2) Illegal facts and evidence;

(three) the types and basis of punishment;

(four) the execution method and time limit of the punishment;

(five) the way and time limit for applying for administrative reconsideration and bringing an administrative lawsuit against the punishment decision;

(six) the name of the public security organ that made the decision on punishment and the date of making the decision.

The written decision shall be sealed by the public security organ that made the decision on punishment.

Article 97 The public security organ shall announce the written decision on administrative penalties for public security to the punished person and deliver it to the punished person on the spot. If it cannot be announced to the punished person on the spot, it shall be served on the punished person within 2 days. If it is decided to impose administrative detention, it shall promptly notify the family members of the punished person.

If there is an infringed person, the public security organ shall send a copy of the decision to the infringed person.

Article 98 Before the public security organ makes a decision to revoke the license and impose a fine of more than 2,000 yuan, it shall inform the violator of public security administration that he has the right to request a hearing; If the violator of public security administration requests a hearing, the public security organ shall promptly hold a hearing according to law.

Article 99 The time limit for public security organs to handle public security cases shall not exceed 30 days from the date of acceptance; If the case is serious and complicated, it may be extended for 30 days with the approval of the public security organ at the next higher level.

In order to find out the case, the period of appraisal is not included in the time limit for handling public security cases.

100th violation of public security management, with clear facts and conclusive evidence, shall be given a warning or a fine of not more than 200 yuan, and a decision on administrative penalties for public security may be made on the spot.

Article 101 If a decision on administrative punishment for public security is made on the spot, the people’s police shall show their work certificates to the violator of administrative punishment for public security, and fill in the punishment decision. The penalty decision shall be delivered to the punished person on the spot; If there is an infringed person, a copy of the decision will be copied to the infringed person.

The written decision on punishment prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall specify the name of the person being punished, the illegal act, the basis for punishment, the amount of the fine, the time and place, and the name of the public security organ, and shall be signed or sealed by the people’s police in charge.

If a decision on administrative penalties for public security is made on the spot, the people’s police handling it shall report it to the public security organ for the record within 24 hours.

Article 102 If the punished person refuses to accept the decision on administrative punishment for public security, he may apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit according to law.

Section III Execution

Article 103 A person who has been decided to be given administrative detention shall be sent to a detention center for execution by the public security organ that made the decision.

Article 104 A person punished by a fine shall pay the fine at a designated bank within 15 days from the date of receiving the penalty decision. However, in any of the following circumstances, the people’s police may collect the fine on the spot:

(1) Being fined below 50 yuan, and the punished person has no objection to the fine;

(2) In remote, water-covered and inaccessible areas, after the public security organ and its people’s police have made a fine decision in accordance with the provisions of this Law, it is indeed difficult for the punished person to pay the fine to the designated bank, and the punished person has proposed it;

(three) the person who has been punished has no fixed residence in the local area, and it is difficult to implement it after it is not collected on the spot.

Article 105 The fines collected by the people’s police on the spot shall be handed over to the public security organs to which they belong within 2 days from the date of collecting the fines; Fines collected on the spot on water or passenger trains shall be handed over to the public security organs within 2 days from the date of arrival at the shore or station; The public security organ shall pay the fine to the designated bank within 2 days from the date of receiving the fine.

Article 106 If the people’s police collect fines on the spot, they shall issue a receipt for fines uniformly issued by the financial departments of the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government to the person being punished; If the penalty receipt is not issued uniformly, the punished person has the right to refuse to pay the penalty.

Article 107 If a punished person refuses to accept the decision on administrative detention and applies for administrative reconsideration or brings an administrative lawsuit, he may apply to the public security organ for suspending the execution of administrative detention. If the public security organ thinks that the suspension of administrative detention will not cause social danger, the punished person or his close relatives shall provide a guarantor meeting the conditions stipulated in Article 108 of this Law, or pay a deposit according to the standard of daily administrative detention of 200 yuan, and the punishment decision of administrative detention shall be suspended.

Article 108 A guarantor shall meet the following conditions:

(1) Not involved in this case;

(two) enjoy political rights, personal freedom is not restricted;

(3) Having permanent residence and permanent residence in the local area;

(4) Having the ability to perform the guarantee obligations.

Article 109 A guarantor shall ensure that the guaranteed person does not evade the execution of administrative detention punishment.

If the guarantor fails to perform the guarantee obligation, causing the guarantor to evade the execution of administrative detention punishment, the public security organ shall impose a fine of not more than 3,000 yuan.

Article 110 If a person who has been decided to give administrative detention punishment pays a deposit and evades the execution of administrative detention punishment after suspending administrative detention, the deposit shall be confiscated and turned over to the state treasury, and the administrative detention decision already made shall still be implemented.

Article 111 If the decision on the punishment of administrative detention is revoked or the punishment of administrative detention begins to be executed, the security deposit collected by the public security organ shall be returned to the payer in time.

Chapter V Law Enforcement Supervision

Article 112 Public security organs and their people’s policemen shall handle public security cases in accordance with the law, fairly, strictly and efficiently, enforce the law in a civilized manner, and shall not practice favoritism and malpractice.

Article 113 When handling public security cases, public security organs and their people’s policemen are forbidden to abuse, abuse or insult those who violate the administration of public security.

Article 114 Public security organs and their people’s police should consciously accept the supervision of society and citizens when handling public security cases.

Any unit or individual has the right to report and accuse the public security organ or the people’s procuratorate or the administrative supervision organ if the public security organ and its people’s police do not strictly enforce the law or violate the law and discipline in handling public security cases; The organ that receives the report or complaint shall handle it in a timely manner according to its duties.

Article 115th the public security organs shall, when imposing fines according to law, separate the decision on fines from the collection of fines in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations; All fines collected shall be turned over to the state treasury.

116th people’s police in handling public security cases, one of the following acts, shall be given administrative sanctions according to law; If the case constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law:

(1) extorting a confession by torture, corporal punishment, maltreating or insulting others;

(2) restricting personal freedom beyond the time limit for inquiry and verification;

(3) Failing to implement the system of separating fine decision from fine collection, or failing to turn over confiscated property to the state treasury or deal with it according to law;

(four) dividing, embezzling, misappropriating or deliberately damaging the confiscated or detained property;

(5) using or not returning the property of the infringed person in time in violation of regulations;

(six) in violation of the provisions of the deposit is not returned in time;

(seven) taking advantage of his position to accept other people’s property or seek other benefits;

(eight) collecting fines on the spot without issuing a fine receipt or truthfully filling in the amount of fines;

(nine) after receiving the alarm to stop the violation of public security management, it is not timely to call the police;

(ten) in the investigation of violations of public security management activities, for the illegal and criminal acts;

(eleven) there are other circumstances of favoritism, abuse of power, and failure to perform their statutory duties according to law.

If a public security organ handling a public security case commits any of the acts listed in the preceding paragraph, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given corresponding administrative sanctions.

Article 117 If the public security organ and its people’s police illegally exercise their functions and powers and infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, they shall make an apology; If damage is caused, it shall be liable for compensation according to law.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Article 118 The term "above, below and within" as mentioned in this Law includes this number.

Article 119 This Law shall come into force as of March 1, 2006. The Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administrative Penalties for Public Security promulgated on September 5, 1986 and revised and promulgated on May 12, 1994 shall be abolished at the same time.

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Editor: Golden Sword

Review in the past

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Original title: People’s Republic of China (PRC) Public Security Administration Punishment Law

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　　Education is the foundation of building a strong country and national rejuvenation. The National Education Conference held on September 9-10 blew a new horn for building an education power.

　　"We must persist in taking the people as the center, constantly improve the inclusiveness, accessibility and convenience of education public services, and make the achievements of education reform and development more fair and benefit all the people." General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the meeting.

　　Looking back on the past, during his work in Zhejiang, the Supreme Leader attached great importance to education and promoted the implementation of "four projects" in rural primary and secondary schools, namely, the project of subsidizing students with financial difficulties, the project of caring nutritious meals, the project of reforming accommodation and improving teachers’ quality, so as to continuously improve the balanced development level of urban and rural education in Zhejiang.

　　Strengthen the teacher before teaching.

　　In the study of Zheng Zhihu, the former principal of Tiantai Middle School, the photo of the Supreme Leader with the third provincial meritorious teacher on September 8, 2004 was hung in the most eye-catching place.

　　那天出席全省庆祝我国第20个教师节暨表彰优秀教师大会的情景，现在还不时清晰地浮现在郑志湖的脑海中。

　　省功勋教师，是当时浙江给予教师的最高荣誉，每位功勋教师可享受省部级劳动模范和先进工作者待遇。

　　那一年的17位获奖者中，绝大多数是在中小学一线辛勤耕耘的老师，其中多位来自山区海岛的学校。

　　郑志湖，在天台这个山区小县是出了名的“铁人”。

　　每天早上6时他就出现在校园里，晚上11时以后办公室的灯才熄灭。他扑下身子抓教学质量，天台中学成为浙江高中物理教学一张闪亮的名片。

　　在这次大会上，最高领袖同志代表省委、省政府，向受表彰的教师和先进个人表示祝贺，向全省广大教职员工致以问候，也强调要努力为广大教师创造良好的工作生活环境，真心诚意办实事，切实帮助他们解决工作、学习和生活中的各种实际困难和问题。一席话，让郑志湖这名基层教育工作者心中暖洋洋的。

　　郑志湖在学生寝室与学生谈心（资料图片）

　　“郑校长，昨晚在电视上看见习书记和你们握手了，他跟你说了啥？”“还给劳模待遇，省里真重视教师啊。”……

　　On the second day after receiving the commendation and returning to Tiantai, Zheng Zhihu walked to school as usual in the morning. On the way of just a few tens of meters, several neighbors pulled him to congratulate him.

　　In 2017, when he reached retirement age, an educational institution offered him an annual salary of one million yuan. However, when Tiantai County leaders suggested that Tiantai Middle School could not do without him and asked him to postpone his retirement for five years, Zheng Zhihu agreed without saying anything.

　　“‘ Meritorious teacher ’ It is not only a medal for decades of teaching career, but also a responsibility that must be shouldered as a front-line teacher. " Zheng Zhihu is proud that he has not failed to live up to the expectations of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, and has always been steadfast in his dedication, making "Rise in the County" shine from the ideal into reality.

　　Strengthen the teacher before teaching. For rural primary and secondary schools, the improvement of education quality depends on the improvement of teachers’ quality first.

　　The pointer of time has been set back for 20 years. Lin Haohao, the principal of Sankui Town Central Primary School in Taishun County, is still a rural teacher who has tried his best but still cannot break through the professional bottleneck.

　　The project to improve the quality of rural primary and secondary school teachers promoted by the Supreme Leader in Zhejiang that year changed the growth track of many rural teachers like Lin Haohao, and then quietly changed rural education.

　　In 1995, Lin Shanghao, who just graduated from Pingyang Normal School, was assigned to the most remote rural school in Taishun, and he had to teach all subjects by himself. After working for six or seven years, he worked hard to participate in the lecture competition and voted for many papers, but he was always inferior to the teachers in the city.

　　"At that time, there were few training opportunities for teachers. I have only received a few on-campus trainings. The level of colleagues is similar, radish fried radish, not radish? "

　　Looking at Zhejiang at that time, the achievement rate of primary school teachers’ academic qualifications ranked lower in the country. Some primary school teachers have only a primary school diploma. Some teachers have to take time off to do farm work. When they walk into the classroom, their trouser legs are high and low, and there are mud spots on their legs that can’t be washed off.

　　In May, 2005, under the impetus of the Supreme Leader, the provincial finance allocated 20 million yuan as special funds, with famous teachers at the provincial and municipal levels as teachers, and began to carry out free training for 170,000 rural primary and secondary school teachers in the province from the summer vacation of that year.

　　In the absence of special teaching materials for training teachers, special-grade teachers in various disciplines and sections will compile them separately.

　　No one complained about the inconvenient transportation at the training site located in the county seat. No rural teacher wants to miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and he has to come to class on time after walking for an hour or two on the mountain road.

　　After three years of training courses, Lin Haohao found that he had made a breakthrough in improving his educational philosophy, the internal logic of classroom teaching and teaching design. Back in class, his state has changed completely. Since then, he has gradually grown into a senior Chinese teacher and a training object for Zhejiang famous teachers.

　　Zhejiang continues to implement the "Leading the Wild Goose Project" for rural primary and secondary school teachers, the training plan for Zhejiang famous teachers, principals and class teachers, and explores the "menu" and "order" training … … More and more "excellent forests" have emerged in rural primary and secondary schools, and the quality of rural education has continuously stepped onto a new level.

　　In August 2018, Pujiang Experimental Primary School Education Group and Puyang No.2 Primary School Education Group organized key teachers to study in Tsinghua University (data picture).

　　Let rural children read books and read good books.

　　At 8: 00 am on May 10th, 2005, I just arrived at work time.

　　Liu Yongwu, the headmaster of Changkeng Primary School in Dongdu, Jinyun County, was sitting in the office of the director of the county education bureau, waiting for a message.

　　"The first batch of accommodation renovation projects in the province has been decided, and the renovation of your school dormitory has been listed!" The director smiled and said, "How are you going to build … …”

　　Liu Yongwu rose abruptly from his chair and said as he walked out, "I’m going to make a plan now!"

　　Changkeng Primary School is a rural boarding school, but there has never been a dormitory. At that time, children in grades one to three slept in two rooms in an old ancestral hall.

　　There are more than 20 bunks in a room of more than 40 square meters, and 60 or 70 children have to sleep. Two first-grade children squeeze a bed 80 cm wide; Three second-grade children sleep in two bunks that are spliced together. Going to the toilet at night has to cross a pair of legs in the dark, which often wakes up most of the students in the dormitory. The so-called toilet is two wooden toilets in the corner.

　　The turning point appeared in 2003. In August and December of this year, the then supreme leader of Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee went to Lishui and Wenzhou to investigate the development of underdeveloped areas respectively. He not only went to the enterprise, went to Tiantou, but also visited the school. Many cadres and masses have reflected the problems that need to be solved urgently in rural basic education.

　　Comrade Supreme Leader gave clear instructions: "Let rural children read books and read good books."

　　After that, the Supreme Leader has repeatedly coordinated the provincial education department and other relevant departments to discuss together to provide better educational conditions for children in poverty-stricken areas.

　　In 2005, the construction of a strong education province was written into the document of the provincial party committee, which clearly put forward that the development of urban and rural education should be coordinated, rural education should be the top priority, the layout of rural education should be further optimized, the conditions for running schools in rural areas should be improved, and the level of running schools in rural areas should be improved.

　　In the same year, Zhejiang invested real money to start the "four projects" of rural primary and secondary schools.

　　September 1, 2006, this is a new semester written in the history of Changkeng Primary School. A brand-new white four-story building stands on the campus. The first floor is a canteen, and the other three floors are student dormitories.

　　Photo courtesy of the student dormitory (left) before 2005 and the current student dormitory (right) of Changkeng Primary School in Dongdu, Jinyun County.

　　The children flew into the new dormitory and found one after another — —

　　"One bed for each person, no need to squeeze in!"

　　"Come and see, there is a toilet!"

　　……

　　In the second year, many parents in the surrounding counties and districts took their children to Changkeng Primary School to register. Liu Yongwu said that at the peak, half the children in the school came from other counties.

　　In 2007, on the basis of the "Four Projects", Zhejiang listed the efforts to start the construction of all the "Four Projects" accommodation renovation projects in rural primary and secondary schools, and 90% of the projects were completed as ten aspects of people’s livelihood.

　　这项政策改善了十余万名浙江农村中小学生寄宿条件，更带动社会各界群策群力，为提升农村教育条件添砖加瓦。

　　“近20年过去了，今天孩子们依然住在习书记关心下建起的宿舍楼里，内部设施已经更新了好几代。”刘勇武说，如今宿舍不仅有空调、储物柜，还开辟了图书角等园地。

　　“四项工程”中的家庭经济困难学生资助扩面工程，把农村困难家庭孩子的书本费、学杂费、代管费等费用全部免除。浙江是全国最早实行这项规定的。

　　爱心营养餐工程，让山里娃第一次尝到了牛奶的味道。20年间，一些山区县中小学生的平均身高增长了十几厘米。

　　……

　　同一片蓝天下

　　“嘉禾参加了学校的扎染社团和科学社团，可忙啦！”新学期开学，杭州市文渊小学五（6）班袁嘉禾妈妈和宁夏老家的长辈打电话，乐呵呵地讲起女儿的近况。

　　这家人扎根杭州已十多年，孩子在公办学校就读，与杭州户籍孩子享受完全同等的义务教育免费政策。两口子说，孩子入学了，才觉得真正在这里安家了。

　　今年8月，杭州青少年活动中心与共青团杭州市滨江区委联合主办2024年“小候鸟”体育夏令营 杭州青少年活动中心供图

　　Time goes back to the beginning of the 21st century. With the acceleration of urbanization in Zhejiang, more and more children of migrant workers want to attend school in the city where their parents work, which brings a series of new topics.

　　Comrade Supreme Leader has a clear attitude towards this: create conditions for them to grow up healthily and happily together under the same blue sky.

　　For two consecutive years, the Supreme Leader and the children of migrant workers in Hangzhou celebrated Children’s Day on June 1st.

　　On May 31st, 2005, Hangzhou Youth Activity Center organized the children of migrant workers to participate in "Feeling Animation and Celebrating Together ‘ June 1st ’ " Activities. Some children do pottery, some learn animation in the computer room of "Little Doctor", and some operate small robots to find ore specimens in "space" … …

　　At this moment, a special guest came. The children shouted "Hello Uncle Xi" in unison.

　　During the exchange, the supreme leader comrade affirmed the children’s parents’ hard work for Hangzhou and wished the children healthy and happy growth in Hangzhou, the second hometown.

　　On the eve of Children’s Day on June 1st, 2006, the Supreme Leader came to Hangzhou Shuren Primary School to celebrate the festival with the children.

　　This is a school mainly for children of migrant workers. Jin Xiaolong, the then principal, remembers that at a parent-teacher meeting, a mother said with emotion: "When crossing the road, the children will tell us to watch the traffic lights and take the initiative to help wash the dishes after dinner. We are usually too busy to discipline our children, thanks to the school’s efforts in this regard. "

　　杭州树人小学如今的校园场景 学校供图

　　为了让外来务工人员子女更好融入城市生活，树人小学不仅教知识，还特别注重培养孩子们的行为习惯。学校里有一间“爱心小屋”，各界爱心人士捐助的文具、玩具琳琅满目，每件物品都被标上了分值。过马路走斑马线，见到老师同学要问好，帮爸爸妈妈做家务……这些日常习惯都能攒积分换礼物。

　　“习书记来学校时就参观了‘爱心小屋’，并细致询问如何获取爱心积分和奖励方法。”金小龙说，“习书记再三嘱咐我，不管是本地的还是外来的，要让孩子们共享优质教育的甘甜雨露。”

　　浙江省委、省政府把解决外来务工人员子女就学问题作为一项重大民生工程，持续推动。2006年，浙江将外来务工人员子女义务教育纳入政府教育事业发展规划；2009年，设立外来务工人员子女教育专项基金。

　　如今，符合条件的外省务工人员子女在浙江全面实现流入地升学。2023年，我省义务教育中小学随迁子女在校生达165.24万人，占全省义务教育段在校生的28.6%。

Warning everywhere

Natural baths are still raging.

The tragic incident sounded the alarm for the reservoir players. However, after the drowning accident, there are still hundreds of people "hiking" every day in Qinglong Mountain Reservoir.

"The accident happened on July 12, and there were fewer people swimming on the 13th, but the next two days happened to be weekends, and there were more people playing with water. On the afternoon of the 16th, there were fewer talents because of the heavy rain." The relevant staff of Fusheng Police Station of Yuecheng District Public Security Bureau told the reporter that after the accident, they strengthened the inspection and pulled up a huge red warning banner on the dam of the reservoir.

On the afternoon of July 14th, the reporter came to the reservoir specially, heard the incessant horn call of "No Entry into the Water", and saw various fixed warning signs, which read, "There have been many drowning accidents in this reservoir over the years! The water depth of the reservoir, please pay attention to safety! " "The water depth is dangerous, pay attention to safety" and so on.

The reporter saw that Shaoxing Yuchacun Tea Industry Co., Ltd. specially set up a warm reminder iron sign beside the reservoir, which said that the water in Qinglongshan Reservoir is deep, the water temperature is low and there is obvious stratification. Please pay attention to safety, do a good job of personal protection, and take responsibility for accidents. The reservoir is the core scenic spot of Matcha Town. Please take all the garbage away or put it in the dustbin.

"The Qinglong Mountain Reservoir in Fusheng Town, Yuecheng District, with tea gardens, reservoirs and green hills set each other off, is a well-known punching point in online celebrity. Every summer, the temperature here is several degrees Celsius lower than that in the urban area, which is a good place to cool off in summer. " Mr. Jin, who came here to swim, told reporters that he is an outdoor sports enthusiast and has been swimming in Qinglong Mountain for 10 years. In recent years, there are more and more people playing with water in the reservoir, especially in the evening on hot days in summer. Traffic police have to be dispatched to maintain order, otherwise, the vehicles driving to swim in Qinglong Mountain will be easily blocked. After the accident, the "natural bathing place" is still "noisy".

Difficulties in road closure

The relevant departments are helpless.

The reporter learned that there are two routes to the reservoir. One is to go directly to the reservoir from Yucha Village Tea Demonstration Park. This road is not accessible by the staff of the demonstration park. The other road is from the Zanggong line in Huangjiaao Natural Village, Paikou Village, Gaobu Street.

The staff of Shaoxing Yuchacun Tea Industry Co., Ltd. told the reporter that although tea gardens are often irrigated with water from Qinglongshan Reservoir with the consent of relevant departments, Qinglongshan Reservoir does not belong to Yuchacun. From the perspective of tea garden management, the meeting of people flow brings many problems, but the company is not the owner of the reservoir and cannot stop tourists from visiting the reservoir.

"It is suggested that we close the road to ensure safety." The relevant staff of Fusheng Town Government said that the road to Qinglongshan Reservoir belongs to Gaobu Street, and they have no right to close the road. The staff of Gaobu Street also recognized this statement. Why don’t Gaobu Street block the road leading to Qinglong Mountain? The relevant staff explained that the villagers often have to take care of the mountain behind the reservoir, and the road closure will definitely be complained by them.

Outdoor swimming

Two conditions are indispensable.

Xiaojin, a winter swimmer, is a frequent visitor to Qinglong Mountain Reservoir. He is worried about the swimmers who come here.

Xiaojin told reporters that even if it snows, there are tourists visiting Qinglong Mountain. Outdoor swimmers generally receive strict safety education, knowing that reservoir swimming is also a dangerous place for experienced swimmers at any time, so they will take safety measures in advance. "There are two conditions for outdoor swimming, both of which are indispensable. First, the buoyancy ball must be tied, and the tightness and tension should be checked before launching to ensure safety; Second, many companions must go together, so that they can pay attention to each other’s safety in the reservoir. Once an accident occurs, it is relatively easy to rescue. "If we forget to bring the buoyancy ball, we would rather run empty than go into the water."

"It is a great safety hazard to swim outdoors without a buoyancy ball." Outdoor swimmer "Shui Ge" said that it is difficult to accurately find the drowning person in a wide water area for timely rescue without a buoyancy ball. At the same time, because the water area is wide and unfathomable, it is more difficult to rescue than the swimming pool.

The reporter saw from the photos and videos sent by Xiaojin and others that after the drowning accident in Qinglongshan Reservoir, the enthusiasm of wild swimmers has not diminished, and "outdoor swimming white" is still the mainstream. There are so many people in swimsuits in the huge reservoir, but there are few bright buoyancy balls and life jackets.

Reservoir drowning

It hurts to be helpless.

"There were several people who came to the reservoir to swim with the drowning young man that day. They soon found that they could not find him and called the police. The police are also very fast, but it is really not easy to find someone in such a large reservoir. " Aunt Li from Zangong Village, Fusheng Town goes for a walk in Qinglongshan Reservoir every evening. She and some villagers witnessed the rescue situation at that time.

"When it was salvaged, everyone was sorry to see that the deceased was so young." A staff member who participated in the rescue at the scene said that even if someone saw drowning, it was very difficult to rescue. Last year, in Longchuan ‘ao Reservoir, Wufengling, not far from here, a young man fell into the water playing with paddles, and his companions and villagers at the reservoir could only watch him slide farther and farther with heartache, but they were helpless.

The reporter also learned that in another reservoir last year, a local villager who often swam in the reservoir slipped farther and farther in the reservoir because he didn’t wear a buoyancy ball, which led to the tragedy of drowning. "The reason is unknown, it may be dizziness, or it may be caused by cramping in the water or sudden cardiovascular disease." Witnesses said.

"When there is drowning in the reservoir, it is difficult to rescue even trained professionals. In short, the reservoir is not a place to swim. " Hu Jianqiang, a member of Shaoxing Jiulong Rescue Team, told reporters that he has participated in about 100 summer reservoir swimming and drowning accidents since he was engaged in rescue work for six years, and it is very difficult to salvage drowning people in the reservoir, let alone rescue drowning people. Hu Jianqiang said that at present, the reservoirs in Yuecheng District are just public existence like roads and mountains. No reservoirs charge swimming fees because of their nature, and there are no professional rescuers to ensure their safety. Therefore, no one should take risks.

Playwright

Strengthen self-safety awareness

Qinglong Mountain Reservoir has a total storage capacity of more than 300,000 cubic meters. It is a small reservoir mainly for irrigation and combined with flood control. The height of the reservoir is more than 10 meters and the deepest part is about 7 meters. In recent years, the number of people who come here to enjoy the cool water every summer is bursting, and the local departments post warning signs around the reservoir to remind them of safety through loudspeakers, and also arrange personnel to patrol and persuade them at high frequency.

"Some tourists who go their own way will even swim to the deepest part of the reservoir center. We are constantly adding warning signs and rescue facilities around the reservoir, and we plan to add some long bamboo poles for emergency. " The staff of Fusheng Police Station of Yuecheng Public Security Bureau said that many tourists not only turned a deaf ear to their kind reminders, but sometimes laughed at them.

"As a non-drinking water reservoir, we have no right to force people to pick up from the water or prevent them from entering the water. The safety responsibility will ultimately be borne by tourists themselves." A staff member familiar with Qinglong Mountain Reservoir said that as early as 2018, a woman drowned here. A month or two earlier this year, a fisherman accidentally fell into the reservoir and drowned. On July 12, another tragedy occurred. It can be seen that swimming in the reservoir is dangerous, so players must strengthen their awareness of self-safety to prevent tragedies.

Jin Jianhao, a lawyer of Zhejiang Jindao (Shaoxing) Law Firm, said that according to the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, the main functions of reservoirs are freshwater aquaculture, irrigation, power generation and non-drinking water supply, and the main obligation of reservoir managers is to ensure sound water conservancy facilities and sound functions. Therefore, the reservoir managers need not bear the responsibility for the drowning accident, and the responsibility for the accident should be borne by the parties or their guardians.

Be yourself safe.

First responsible person

On July 12th, a young man drowned in Qinglongshan Reservoir in Yuecheng District. In midsummer, the drowning accidents of reservoir "wild swimming" are common, which makes people sigh. Tragedy repeats itself, alarm bells often ring, but there are still "brave people" who advance wave after wave. The author believes that it is necessary to weave three "protective nets", especially to keep the "protective net" of personal safety responsibility, so as to avoid tragedies from the source.

Keep the "protective net" of personal safety responsibility. Everyone is the first responsible person for his own safety, and he should think about the importance of safety and keep the responsibility of safety in every word and deed. In terms of legal liability, Article 18 of the Civil Code clearly states that adults with full capacity for civil conduct can independently carry out civil legal acts. To put it bluntly, adults can fully recognize the legal consequences of their actions, independently carry out civil legal acts of their own will, acquire civil rights and assume civil obligations for themselves, and bear full legal consequences for their actions. Adults should be aware of the risk of "wild swimming" in the reservoir. Without other infringement, once a drowning accident occurs, as the victim of the accident, there is no doubt that they are the first responsible person.

In the tragedy of drowning, if a minor, according to the law, parents have the right and obligation to educate and protect their minor children. If a minor child causes damage to others, the parents as guardians shall bear civil liability according to law. Therefore, parents are the first responsible persons for the safety of minor children.

In terms of safety responsibility, no one can be lucky. Some talented people are bold, and "wild swimming" doesn’t take any protective measures. As a result, the follower jumps into the water without taking any protective measures, gets dizzy after drinking, and plunges into the water after being tired … However, it is often in a moment of negligence that tragedy happens under the nose.

Before taking part in "wild swimming" and other similar activities, you should be predictable about the risks. The "wild swimmers" who have just experienced high temperature fatigue are prone to cramps and other phenomena. Build a strong ideological defense line, always tighten the security string, protect your personal safety, and avoid causing damage to others. Only when you are the first person responsible for your own safety can you reduce the tragedy of drowning from the source.

Improve the "protective net" of reservoir safety management. Rural reservoirs are used for flood discharge and irrigation, and do not have swimming function. However, in reality, some reservoirs are loosely managed, and people can freely enter and leave, leaving an opportunity for "wild swimming". Of course, according to the provisions of the Civil Code, as a reservoir manager, if he fails to fulfill his security obligations and causes damage to others, he shall bear tort liability. This also tells us that in the event of a "wild swimming" drowning accident, the reservoir manager may not be completely irresponsible. If he fails to fulfill his security obligations and cannot prove that he is not at fault, he needs to bear tort liability for the accident. Of course, if the reservoir management party fulfills the duty of warning and reminding others that it is forbidden to enter the reservoir without authorization, it does not need to bear tort liability.

Therefore, the management unit should build a safety net and strengthen on-site supervision and management, such as closing the reservoir waters. If it can’t be closed, we can recruit volunteers, increase the number of inspectors, increase the frequency of inspections, strengthen law enforcement, and take measures such as criticism, education and fines to keep "wild swimming" out of the library. For those who refuse to obey dissuasion and insist on wild swimming, the management can report to the public security organ for punishment.

Construct a "protective net" for outdoor safe swimming. Knowing that there are tigers in the mountains, I prefer to go to the mountains. Why do "wild swimmers" flock? The answer is simple: the natural environment of open waters is good, the water quality is good, and swimming is more delicious. In Shaoxing, a water town with dense river network, special outdoor rivers and special hydrophilic areas can be set up to meet the hydrophilic needs of the public. In fact, in the early years, a hydrophilic river was set up in the celebrity square, which was managed by special personnel on site. There were many swimmers in midsummer every year, and no drowning accident occurred. More such safe outdoor swimming places, combined with "sparse" and "guided", will naturally reduce the number of "hikers" in the reservoir.

Wild swimming is risky, so you need to be careful when you get into the water. There is only one life, and life is never repeated. Please cherish your life, be responsible for your own and others’ lives, and don’t let the tragedy happen.　

　　Beijing time in 2022

　　At 9: 32 on November 3,

　　China space station mengtian experimental cabin

　　Successfully completed the transposition

　　The space station modules, manned spacecraft, cargo spacecraft, relay satellites used in China’s space station project and the Long March series of launch vehicles used to launch these spacecraft,All developed by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.Other subsystems of the project also have the participation of relevant units affiliated to Aerospace Science and Technology Group.

　　During the transposition, the Mengtian experimental module first completed the relevant state setting, then separated from the space station assembly, and then completed the transposition in about one hour by plane transposition, and then docked with the lateral port of the node module of Tianhe core module again. This afternoon, the crew of Shenzhou 14 astronauts will enter the Mengtian experimental cabin.

　　▲ Schematic diagram of the current space station assembly

　　The completion of the transposition of the Mengtian experimental module marksThe "T" basic configuration of China Space Station has been assembled in orbit.It has taken a key step towards the goal of building a space station. According to the plan, the basic function test and evaluation of the space station assembly will be carried out in the future.

　　History engraves our journey.

　　the year of 2020

　　May 5 th

　　The Long March 5 B carrier rocket made its first flight, launching a new generation of manned spacecraft test ship, and the first battle of the space station phase mission was successful.

　　May 8 th

　　Safe landing of the return capsule of the new generation manned spacecraft test ship.

　　In 2021

　　April 29

　　Changwu B rocket launches space station and core module.

　　29 -30 May

　　The Long March 7 carrier rocket launched the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft, which docked at the backward port of Tianhe core module.

　　June 17th

　　The Long March II F carrier rocket launched the Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft, which docked at the forward port of Tianhe core module. Astronauts Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo entered Tianhe core module, and Chinese entered his own space station for the first time.

　　July 4th.

　　Shenzhou 12 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the first extravehicular activity in the space station stage by group.

　　August 20 th

　　Shenzhou 12 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the second extravehicular activity in groups.

　　September 17th.

　　The return capsule of Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft landed safely, and the astronauts were in good condition.

　　September 18th

　　Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft is separated from the backward port of the space station and the core module, and flies around to the forward port to complete the automatic rendezvous and docking.

　　September 20th.

　　The Changqi rocket launched the Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft, which docked at the backward port of Tianhe core module.

　　23 -24 September

　　The first on-orbit ignition test was completed by four thrusters in the electric propulsion subsystem of the space station and the core module.

　　October 16th.

　　The Chang ‘er F rocket launched the Shenzhou-13 manned spacecraft, which docked at the radial port of Tianhe core module. Astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu entered Tianhe core module, and China Space Station welcomed the second flight crew and the first female astronaut.

　　7 -8 November

　　Shenzhou 13 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the first extravehicular activity in groups, which was the first time in China’s space history that female astronauts participated in the extravehicular activity.

　　26 -27 December

　　Shenzhou 13 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the second extravehicular activity in groups.

　　In 2022

　　January 6th.

　　It is the first time that China has used the space station manipulator to operate a large-scale on-orbit aircraft to conduct the transposition test.

　　January 8 th

　　Shenzhou 13 astronauts completed the rendezvous and docking test of the combination of hand-controlled teleoperation cargo spacecraft and space station in groups.

　　March 27th and 31st

　　The Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft was evacuated from the core module assembly of the space station and re-entered the atmosphere under control.

　　April 16th

　　The return capsule of Shenzhou 13 manned spacecraft landed safely, and the astronauts were in good condition.

　　April 20

　　Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft separated from the backward port of Tianhe core module, circled to the forward port, and completed automatic rendezvous and docking.

　　May 10th.

　　The Changqi rocket launched the Tianzhou-4 cargo spacecraft, which docked at the backward port of Tianhe core module.

　　June 5th.

　　The Chang ‘er F rocket launched the Shenzhou 14 manned spacecraft, which docked at the radial port of the Tianhe core module, and astronauts Chen Dong, Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe entered the Tianhe core module.

　　July 17th and 27th

　　Tianzhou-3 cargo spacecraft evacuated from the space station assembly and re-entered the atmosphere under control.

　　July 24th

　　Changwu B rocket launch space station test module.

　　July 25th

　　The space shuttle was docked at the forward port of Tianhe core module, and then the Shenzhou 14 astronauts entered the space shuttle in groups, which was the first time that China astronauts entered the scientific experimental module in orbit.

　　1 -2 September

　　Shenzhou 14 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the first extravehicular activity by group, which is the first time that Chinese astronauts have carried out extravehicular activities from the airlock cabin of the candlestick experimental module.

　　September 17th.

　　Shenzhou 14 astronauts completed all the established tasks of the second extravehicular activity in groups.

　　September 30th.

　　It is the first time for China to use the indexing mechanism to carry out the indexing operation of the large-scale module in orbit.

　　October 31st.

　　Changwu B rocket launch space station Mengtian experimental module.

　　November 1st.

　　Mengtian experimental module is docked with the forward port of Tianhe core module.

　　November 3 rd

　　The Mengtian experimental module has been transposed, and the "T" basic configuration of China Space Station has been assembled.

　　Source/China Manned Space Engineering Office, CCTV

　　Reporter/Ren Changsheng

　　Editor/Liu Huaiyu Gao Yiming

　　American editor/Yang Shuai

　　Proofreading/Zhao Cong

　　Producer/Huang Xi

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, August 10th Question: What is the secret of "Bird’s Nest" and "Water Cube"? — — Revealing China’s Solution to the Problems in the Operation of Venues in the Post-Olympic Era

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhang Xiao, Wang Yong

　　Olympic venues are an important foundation for hosting the Olympic Games. Looking back on the history of the world Olympic Games, almost all the main venues of the previous Olympic Games presented a wonderful and extraordinary "A" side during the games. However, due to the large amount of construction funds, large construction scale and high maintenance cost, it has become a world problem to solve the "B" aspect of the utilization of Olympic venues after the games.

　　On the 11th anniversary of the opening of the Beijing Olympic Games, reporters came to the National Stadium "Bird’s Nest", the National Aquatics Center "Water Cube" and the National Speed Skating Hall "Ice Ribbon" under construction, looking for a "China solution" to solve the world’s problems.

　　"Bird’s Nest" and "Water Cube" Show "Money Bag"

　　Although it has been 11 years since the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, thousands of tourists still come to the core area of Beijing Olympic Park in August. As an Olympic landmark with a population of nearly 1.4 billion, it has never lacked popularity.

　　However, as the iconic venues of the Beijing Olympic Games, the construction cost of the "Bird’s Nest" and "Water Cube" is high, and it is not a small expense to ensure the high-quality maintenance of the venues. Can the "money bags" of these two Olympic venues hold up under the difficult circumstances of the world’s large-scale Olympic venues?

　　The reporter learned from the National Stadium Company that the operating income of "Bird’s Nest" in 2018 was 268 million yuan, which completely covered the operating costs such as depreciation of fixed assets, operation and maintenance fees, sales and management fees, and achieved independent profits for many years. The National Aquatics Center Company said that in 2018, the "Water Cube" achieved a revenue of 124 million yuan, and the venue broke even for many years.

　　"Three Mysteries" of Managing "Bird’s Nest" and "Water Cube"

　　What is the management of "Bird’s Nest" and "Water Cube"? The reporter learned from in-depth interviews that what makes the two Olympic venues truly achieve sustainable development is the innovation of brand activities and the improvement of quality.

　　— — Undertake major international events. After the Beijing Olympic Games, the "Bird’s Nest" and the "Water Cube" launched a comprehensive market-oriented operation exploration. "Bird’s Nest" has become a professional venue for hosting top sports events with its first-class facilities and operational advantages. Many high-level individual events under FINA have settled in the "Water Cube".

　　— — Establish a diversified development system. "Bird’s Nest" and "Water Cube" have formed a comprehensive business system including large-scale activities, tourism services and commercial development. Take the "Bird’s Nest" as an example. First, strengthen the development of tangible assets. The Bird’s Nest Cultural Center not only becomes a public cultural space in the capital, but also incubates innovative and entrepreneurial projects in the cultural and sports industry. The second is the development of intangible assets, constantly promoting advertising sponsorship and the development of cultural and creative products. The third is to extend the industrial chain of venues, and set up five subsidiaries around the "Bird’s Nest", including ticketing, commerce, activities, media and culture, so that the "Bird’s Nest" has the export conditions for venue management.

　　— — Cultivate independent brand projects. "Water Cube" has built a sub-brand of art exhibition "Art Water Cube" and a sub-brand of cultural performance "Dream Water Cube", and transformed itself from a sports venue into a platform for cultural and artistic exchange. After the country announced the goal of "300 million people participating in the ice and snow sports", the two major venues also created mass sports brands such as "Meet 2022" Ice and Snow Culture Festival, which enabled the Olympic venues to "get on the international stage and enter the people’s lives".

　　According to statistics, after the opening of the two venues, they received more than 56 million Chinese and foreign tourists and visitors, and held more than 3,400 events such as various competitions, performances, exhibitions and national fitness activities.

　　The post-match operation of stadiums and gymnasiums is a process of gradual industrialization and enterprise

　　The "Bird’s Nest" and "Water Cube" have a bright "report card", which benefits from the strong leadership and scientific judgment of the venue owners.

　　As the earliest state-owned enterprise in Beijing to enter the cultural and sports industry, Beijing State-owned Assets Management Co., Ltd. summed up the "China experience" to solve the problem of the utilization of Olympic venues after the games.

　　"The post-match operation of stadiums and gymnasiums should be a process of gradual industrialization and enterprise, but the post-match operation of many stadiums and gymnasiums is still a pure government act. Once the large-scale event is over, it is difficult for the venue to balance social and economic benefits. " Wu Xiaonan, vice president of Beijing State-owned Corporation, pointed out the crux of the problem.

　　Wu Xiaonan said that the operation experience of "Bird’s Nest" and "Water Cube" proves that super-large stadiums need to introduce large-scale platform enterprises, especially comprehensive investment and financing platforms as venue operators, and bring resources for the integrated development of culture, sports, finance, venture capital and other industries for the development of stadiums, rather than simply turning stadiums into a company.

　　In order to operate the two major venues well, Beijing State-owned Assets Corporation has laid out the layout with the whole cultural and sports industry in mind, and coordinated the advantages of its capital cultural and sports industry flagship enterprises, digital vision technology and service providers and national A-level professional performance institutions on the Olympic venues. At the same time, Beijing SME Credit Re-guarantee Company in the financial sector set up the National Cultural and Creative Experimental Zone Enterprise Credit Promotion Association to promote the long-term operation of the Olympic venues through "combination boxing" with complementary resources.

　　"Facts have proved that this model is conducive to giving full play to the role of large state-owned enterprises. While ensuring the completion of important tasks, it can achieve a double harvest of social and economic benefits through enterprise management and integration of various formats." Wu Xiaonan said.

　　At the beginning of the construction of "Ice Ribbon", the problem of post-game utilization was considered.

　　In order to build the iconic new venue of Beijing Winter Olympics and the National Speed Skating Gymnasium "Ice Ribbon", Beijing established "Beijing National Speed Skating Gymnasium Management Co., Ltd.".

　　Wu Xiaonan, who is also the chairman of the National Speed Skating Hall Company, said that the "Ice Ribbon" was fully considered at the beginning of its construction. In addition to becoming a speed skating competition venue during the games, it can meet the needs of six kinds of ice sports competitions such as speed skating, short track speed skating, figure skating and curling, and can also meet the national fitness needs of 3,000 people skating at the same time.

　　At the end of this year, 22 flowing ice ribbons of the National Speed Skating Museum will fly in the Beijing Olympic Park, and together with the majestic steel structure "Bird’s Nest" and the flexible membrane structure "Water Cube", they will form the landmark building complex of "Double Olympic City".

　　Peng Yue, chairman of Beijing State-owned Assets Corporation, said: "Pass ‘ Bird’s Nest ’ ‘ Water cube ’ ‘ Ice ribbon ’ We hope to provide the international community with the Olympic venues after the Games ‘ Repeated utilization, comprehensive utilization and sustainable utilization ’ China’s experience, this is ‘ Four self-confidences ’ A vivid manifestation of implementation in practice. "

　　International Olympic Committee President Bach once commented: "China has every reason to be proud of its Olympic legacy."

　　The insiders believe that the post-games operation and sustainable utilization of Beijing Olympic venues have set a new example of benign interaction and win-win development between the Olympic Movement and cities and regions, benefiting the people for a long time. Continuing this road of sustainable development of the Olympic mega-stadiums with China characteristics will show more wonderful China to the world.

　　CCTV News:According to WeChat official account news from the Central Meteorological Observatory, the latest forecast of the Central Meteorological Observatory predicts that the No.6 typhoon "Kanu" will land on the south coast of South Korea on the morning of August 10th and enter the northeast of China on the night of the 11th, bringing strong wind and rain. There are 6 ~ 7 winds in parts of Heilongjiang and Jilin, and local gusts are 10 ~ 11; There are heavy rains in northeastern Jilin and southeastern Heilongjiang, and the accumulated rainfall can reach 120 ~ 200mm. The cumulative surface rainfall in sub-basins such as Mudanjiang, the lower reaches of Songhua River and Tumen River is 75 ~ 85mm. Meteorologists reminded that the future wind and rain affected areas of Typhoon Kanu are highly overlapped with the areas where heavy rains and floods occurred in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in the early stage, and the pressure of flood control is great. It is suggested to take precautions against floods, mountain torrents, geological disasters and urban and rural waterlogging in small and medium-sized rivers in advance.

　　It is estimated that the No.6 typhoon "Kanu" will move northward at a speed of about 10 kilometers per hour this year, and its intensity will be enhanced. It will land on the southern coast of South Korea on the morning of August 10, and its intensity is expected to be strong tropical storm or typhoon (28 ~ 33 m/s, 10 ~ 12), and it will enter the northeast of China on the night of the 11th, and gradually weaken into an extratropical cyclone.

　　Gale forecast: It is predicted that there will be 6-8 winds and 9-10 gusts in eastern Bohai Sea, Bohai Strait, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Taiwan Province Strait, southern coast of Zhejiang, northern coast of Fujian and northern coast of Taiwan Province Island on August 11th, affected by Kanu. Among them, the winds in the eastern part of the Yellow Sea and the eastern part of the East China Sea can reach 9-10 and the gusts are 11-10. On October 10-13, there were 4-5 winds and 6-7 gusts in the northeast and coastal waters of Shandong Peninsula, 6-7 winds and 8-9 gusts in some areas of Heilongjiang and Jilin, and the local winds could reach 8-9 and 10-11 gusts.

　　Rainfall forecast: On October 10-12, affected by Kanu, there was moderate to heavy rain in eastern Liaoning, and heavy rain in eastern Jilin, northern Heilongjiang and central and eastern China, including heavy rain in northeastern Jilin and southeastern Heilongjiang. The accumulated rainfall in the above areas is 30 ~ 60 mm, and the local area can reach 120 ~ 200 mm. The maximum hourly rain intensity is 30 ~ 50 mm, and the local area can reach more than 60 mm. The main rainfall period is from the night of the 10th to the day of the 12th.

　　Surface rainfall forecast: on October 10-12, the surface rainfall in the sub-basins of Songhua River, such as Hulan reach, Lalin reach and Songhua Lake, is 22-28 mm; The cumulative area rainfall of Mudanjiang, the lower reaches of Songhua River and Tumen River is 75 ~ 85 mm..

　　Experts remind that since the end of July, there has been heavy rainfall in Northeast China, with rainfall in most parts of Heilongjiang, western Jilin and southern Liaoning being 30% to 80% higher than normal, and in some parts of southeastern Heilongjiang, northern Jilin and western Liaoning being more than twice as high, resulting in super-warning floods in many rivers, and heavy rains and floods in Lan Shu, Jilin, Wuchang and Shangzhi in Heilongjiang. Because the future wind and rain impact of Kanu is highly overlapped with the previous falling area, the disaster risk will be further aggravated, so it is suggested to do a good job in flood control in Songliao Basin. The bottom water of rivers in Heilongjiang and Jilin is high, so it is necessary to pay attention to the monitoring of rain, water and flood, strengthen the inspection of dams and dams in rivers, reservoirs and lakes to ensure the safety of small and medium-sized rivers, reservoirs and towns, and strengthen the prevention of disasters such as flash floods, landslides and mudslides in mountainous areas.

　　In addition, it is estimated that on October 10-12, the risk level of farmland waterlogging disaster in some areas such as central and eastern Heilongjiang and eastern Jilin is high, which has adverse effects on the growth and development of crops such as spring corn, soybeans and potatoes. It is suggested to clear ditches and drain water in time to reduce the risk of crop lodging.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Jinan, December 16th: Birds fall in love with the Yellow River Estuary — — Visit to the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve

　　Xinhua News Agency reporters Wang Nian and Wu Shuguang

　　Since the beginning of winter, the scenery of the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve in Shandong Province is more like a beautiful picture of a scenery film — — Between the waves, the reeds on the shoals are like snow, and groups of migratory birds are strolling comfortably or spreading their wings, and the beautiful songs are one after another.

　　The Yellow River flows into the Bohai Sea from Dongying, Shandong Province, and its alluvial Yellow River Delta has a complete wetland ecosystem in warm temperate zone. In 1992, a national protected area with a total area of 153,000 hectares was established here, which played an important role in protecting the newly-born wetland ecosystem and rare and endangered birds. In 2013, the wetlands in the Yellow River Delta were listed in the list of internationally important wetlands by the International Convention on Wetlands; In 2018, Dongying ranked among the first batch of "international wetland cities" in the world.

　　When the reporter visited the nature reserve, he saw that the red-crowned crane walked gracefully, the white crane, the wart-nosed swan and the white spoonbill were hovering at low altitude, and the solitary oriental white stork stayed quietly in the nest most of the time … …

　　In the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, the nest of oriental storks with a diameter of several meters is on the telephone pole. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　Liujing, head of the Ecological Monitoring Center of the Yellow River Delta, told the reporter that the number of birds in the nature reserve has increased from 187 when it was built to 371 now, including 25 species under national first-class protection and 65 species under second-class protection. The number of 38 species of birds exceeds 1% of the global total. Millions of birds migrate here every year, and some of them even spend the winter and breed here.

　　This is a great egret shot in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　"This is an important transit point for bird migration, with ‘ Bird International Airport ’ The reputation of the migration peak is extremely busy. " Zhao Yajie, a researcher at the reserve, said that among the nine bird migration routes in the world, two routes, East Asia-Australasia and the Pacific Rim, pass through the Yellow River Delta.

　　Two red-crowned cranes in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve perched among the aquatic plants. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　Since last year, rare birds such as white pelican and spoonbill snipe have been discovered in the Yellow River Delta. However, in the view of researchers, the national first-class protection of birds, Oriental White Storks, is a testimony to the continuous improvement of the ecological environment. They only passed through the Yellow River Delta in their migration at the earliest, and began to nest here in 2003. In 2005, they first bred two nests of seven young birds in the wild. Observations show that this year, Oriental white storks have bred 324 chicks in 120 nests, with a total of 2278 chicks. "According to the information we have, it is undoubtedly the largest breeding ground for oriental storks in the world." Zhao Yajie said.

　　This is a bird flock taken near the dampproof dike in Kenli District, Dongying City. Ren Xiaojie

　　The reporter learned that the reserve not only insists on protection priority and natural restoration, but also takes the initiative and acts scientifically. For example, oriental storks like to nest and lay eggs in tall trees to hatch chicks, but there are no such trees in the Yellow River Delta. After careful research, the reserve has built 115 artificial nests for oriental storks, which proves to be effective. The reporter saw that the bird’s nest with a diameter of more than 2 meters on the high cement pole was quite eye-catching.

　　At the same time, since 2002, the local area has taken advantage of the favorable opportunity of the Yellow River to adjust water and sediment to replenish water, and successively implemented habitat protection projects for key species such as oriental white stork and black-billed gull, and the species and number of birds have increased significantly.

　　"Water is the life of the wetland. There are water, fish and birds." Tianpeng Wang, the stationmaster of the 1,200-meter management station in the nature reserve, said that continuous water supply for many years has effectively curbed the degradation of wetlands, restored the ecology, and steadily increased the biodiversity of wetlands, attracting more and more birds to inhabit and breed here. According to the introduction of Shandong Yellow River Bureau, Diaokou River was the flow path of the Yellow River before its diversion in 1976. Since 2010, the ecological water supply of this flow path has reached 381 million cubic meters.

　　Because of the strict requirements for breeding sites, the black-billed gull, a national first-class protected bird, is often regarded as an indicator species of wetland ecological environment changes, and is listed in the Red Book of Endangered Animals in China and the Red List of Endangered Species of IUCN. In 1992, two breeding grounds of black-billed gull were discovered for the first time in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve. Since then, its population has been expanding. The survey this spring showed that its breeding population exceeded 10,000 for the first time.

　　The reporter learned that the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve is also the largest new wetland natural vegetation area along the coast of China, with 1,630 species of wild animals and 685 species of plants respectively. Xu Mingde, secretary of the Party Working Committee and director of the management committee of the nature reserve, said that they insisted on using an ecological approach to manage the ecology, and the wetland area of the nature reserve has increased by 12.3% and 188 square kilometers since 2017.

　　The endless wings of Suaeda salsa dye the vast beaches red. Xinhua News Agency reporter Guo Xulei photo

　　It is understood that the Yellow River Estuary National Park, which is integrated from eight nature reserves such as the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, has entered the stage of creation and implementation. In line with the goal of building the first land-sea integrated national park in China, the local government is solidly promoting a series of ecological protection and restoration projects to promote a healthier ecosystem and further enhance biodiversity.

　　■ Zheng Bingwen
　　
　　The issue of housing provident fund retention and abolition has once again become a hot topic in society. Some people think that the housing provident fund system is unfair, and the housing provident fund has completed its historical mission. In order to reduce the burden on enterprises, it is advocated to abolish the housing provident fund.
　　
　　The author believes that the housing provident fund system still has the value of existence at present and should continue to be retained.
　　
　　Institutional Efficiency and Equity of Housing Provident Fund
　　
　　From the 2018 Annual Report of National Housing Provident Fund published by official website, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, we can have a bird’s eye view of the institutional efficiency and fairness of housing provident fund, and have a general understanding of the system. According to the "annual report" of the provident fund, the institutional efficiency of the provident fund can be summarized into four characteristics, and the institutional fairness can be summarized into four characteristics. First look at the four institutional efficiency characteristics of housing provident fund.
　　
　　First, the benefit rate is relatively high.Since the establishment of the provident fund system, a total of 33.35 million individual housing loans (including two sets of loans with more than two times) have been issued, of which one third are dual employees, and a total of about 55 million people have benefited. Among the 144 million paid-in employees, 38% have successfully become housing lenders. The essence of the housing provident fund system is a mutual aid system. As a mutual aid system, 38% of its members can benefit, which is not low.
　　
　　Second, the mortgage level is appropriate and effective.In 2018, 2.53 million individual housing loans were issued, with an amount of 1.02 trillion yuan. On average, each mortgage was about 400,000 yuan. Paying down payment in second-and third-tier cities can basically solve the loan, and there is no need to combine commercial loans.
　　
　　Third, reduce the heavy interest burden for employees.The interest rate of provident fund loans is low, 3.25% for more than five years, which is 1.65&mdash lower than the benchmark interest rate of commercial individual housing loans; 2 percentage points. The mortgage issued in 2018 can save interest expenses of 202 billion yuan for loan employees, and the average loan can save interest expenses of 80,000 yuan if calculated in 10 years. For more than 20 years, the provident fund system has reduced the interest burden of trillions of yuan for employees, which is the vitality of the provident fund system.
　　
　　Fourth, the administrative cost comes entirely from the extracted management fee.There are 342 provident fund management centers in China with 3,439 service outlets, and there are 44,000 employees in the country, 40% of whom are non-employees. In 2018, the management fee was 11.7 billion yuan, and the comprehensive management cost per 100 million yuan of assets was 210,000 yuan, including salaries and bonuses of all employees, office space, office equipment and official expenses. The whole provident fund system is a self-supporting system. In the national contributory welfare system, such as the social insurance system and even the National Social Security Fund Council, all its operating and management costs (staff salaries and office equipment, etc.) come from financial funds, while the management costs of the housing provident fund system are completely self-digested, which is very rare in China’s current contributory welfare system.
　　
　　Let’s take a look at the four institutional fairness characteristics of the housing provident fund from the 2018 Annual Report of the National Housing Provident Fund.
　　
　　First, the coverage has gradually expanded.By 2018, the number of employees paid into the provident fund was 144 million, which is a large coverage in China’s contributory welfare system. For example, in a comparable social insurance system, except for medical care and old-age care, unemployment insurance covers 196 million people and maternity insurance covers 204 million people, and they are more compulsory than housing provident fund. Other payment systems cover a small number of people, for example, enterprise annuities cover less than 24 million people.
　　
　　Second, the structure of paid employees is dominated by formal sector employment.Among the 144 million employees, 31% are from government agencies and institutions, 20% from state-owned enterprises, 31% from private enterprises and 8% from foreign capital, and the remaining 10% are non-governmental, collective enterprises and other types of units. There are narrow and broad definitions of formal sector employment in China. The narrow definition refers to urban corporate institutions and urban collective units, which employ 170 million people. In a broad sense, we should also add 140 million urban private employees, that is, employees of private enterprises whose business address is located above Chengguan Town in the county. Unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and provident fund mainly cover employees in the formal sector in a narrow sense.
　　
　　Third, the system is very transparent.The information disclosure and transparency of the housing provident fund system have always been better. In 2015, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Finance and the People’s Bank of China jointly issued the Notice on Improving the Information Disclosure System of Housing Provident Fund (J.J. [2015] No.26). In addition, the Annual Report of the National Housing Provident Fund jointly released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank to the whole society every year has complete information and is very transparent. For example, the proportion of paid employees according to the nature of the unit (civil servants, institutions, state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, etc.), the withdrawal of provident fund by type (reasons for withdrawal, number of people, proportional amount), various types of loans (housing type, area, number of units, etc.), pilot loans to support the construction of affordable housing, business revenue and expenditure and value-added income, distribution of housing loans and value-added income in various provinces, asset risk, etc.
　　
　　Fourthly, housing provident fund, as a mutual fund, has played three spillover effects on housing construction in China.One is to occupy a place in the housing market. For example, in 2018, the housing consumption category of housing provident fund, personal housing loans and discount loans for public developers totaled 2.2 trillion yuan (including nearly half of the repayment of loan principal and interest), accounting for 17% of the national commercial housing sales and 16% in the personal housing loan market. Another example is to support loan workers to purchase and build housing area of 287 million square meters, accounting for 19% of the national commercial housing sales area. Second, it plays an obvious role in the rental market and housing repair market. The provident fund has provided support to employees who have no need to buy a house for the time being in their needs of renting and repairing houses. The withdrawal amount of 7.66 million rented employees has reached 73 billion yuan, and the per capita annual withdrawal amount is 10,000 yuan. Third, it plays a huge role in the construction of affordable housing. The housing provident fund provides loan support for affordable housing construction projects. By the end of 2018, a total of 87.215 billion yuan of loans had been issued to 373 pilot projects for affordable housing construction. In addition, the value-added income of some housing accumulation funds also provided supplementary funds for the construction of urban public rental housing (low-rent housing), and a total of 336.5 billion yuan was withdrawn from the construction of public rental housing. For another example, the Beijing Housing Provident Fund has so far issued 36 project loans with a loan amount of 20.1 billion yuan and a construction area of 940,000 square meters, potentially solving the housing difficulties of low-and middle-income workers’ families by more than 90,000 households.
　　
　　The mission of housing provident fund is not completely over.
　　
　　From the perspectives of efficiency and fairness, the above-mentioned provident fund system has performed well in many contributory welfare systems, at least not very badly, which has played a role in the transformation of housing system and solving the housing difficulties of employees. In the coming period, the historical mission of housing provident fund has not yet ended, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
　　
　　First, from the demand side, housing provident fund can also play a certain role.In the third-and fourth-tier cities, the role of alleviating housing difficulties for working-class people is very obvious. The most convincing is the mortgage rate, that is, the ratio of the balance of personal housing loans to the balance of housing provident fund deposits at the end of the year. For example, most provinces in the central and western regions have mortgage rates of 70% to 80%, and only Xizang (68%), Qinghai (69%) and Xinjiang Construction Corps (38%) are below 70%. Almost all first-and second-tier cities are above 85%, for example, Beijing is 95%, Shanghai is 96%, Tianjin is almost 100%, and Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian and Guizhou are above 95%. What’s important is that the housing prices in first-and second-tier cities are high, and the employees employed by government agencies and institutions every year are under great pressure to buy houses. These groups are all admitted through the "national examination", and they undertake the function of running the state machine. In the front line of scientific research and teaching, the marginal utility of housing provident fund is the highest, and in second-and third-tier cities, they can completely rely on provident fund to solve the problem of buying houses. If the provident fund is abolished, it means that there are great obstacles for the central ministries or some departments to recruit outstanding talents.
　　
　　Second, from the pattern of initial income distribution in China, retaining the provident fund can increase the share of labor income.As we all know, the share of labor income is too low in China’s primary income distribution pattern. Since the reform and opening up, the index of labor income share has fluctuated, from over 60% in the 1990s to below 50% before the international financial crisis in 2008, and then it has rebounded. It has improved in the past 10 years, but it is 15 to 20 percentage points lower than developed countries on average, and even lower than some developing countries.
　　
　　The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out: "Adhere to the simultaneous growth of residents’ income while economic growth, and realize the simultaneous increase of labor remuneration while improving labor productivity". The Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economic System in the New Era just released on May 18, 2020 once again pointed out: "Increase the labor remuneration of workers, especially front-line workers, increase the proportion of labor remuneration in the initial distribution, realize the simultaneous growth of residents’ income while economic growth, and realize the simultaneous increase of labor remuneration while improving labor productivity."
　　
　　From the perspective of implementing the central spirit, the provident fund system is a good thing. The idea of canceling the provident fund is mainly for the sake of reducing the burden on enterprises, and the starting point is also good, but the crux of the problem lies in the fact that the focus should be on reducing taxes and social security premiums. China’s tax revenue mainly comes from indirect taxes, and direct taxes only account for about 10%. In the long run, we should gradually focus on direct taxes, but if the share of labor income is always too low, it will always be empty talk.
　　
　　Third, from the perspective of employees’ sense of acquisition, the effect of provident fund is very obvious.When they paid the provident fund, the people never complained that the base was too high and the proportion was too high. They complained that the social security premium rate and base were too high. The phenomenon of "evasion" of social security for ordinary people and enterprises is very serious, while almost no one and enterprises "evade" the provident fund! Why? Because the "tax wedge" of the provident fund is "zero", 100% of it becomes the disposable income of employees and their families, and its private attribute is very obvious. Excluding the provident fund, the tax wedge of social security contributions (including payroll tax) in China is as high as 30.81%, which is exactly equal to the average of OECD countries. In contrast, the tax wedge of Denmark, a Nordic welfare country, is only 30.99%, which is only a little higher than that of China. There are many developed countries with lower tax wedge than ours, such as Japan (29.64%), Australia (26.96%), Britain (26.51%), Luxembourg (26.29%), Ireland (24.66%), Canada (24.12%) and the United States (23.95%).
　　
　　Importantly, in the social security payment of individuals and enterprises, the tax wedge of enterprise payment is as high as 19.22%, and the tax wedge of individual payment and individual tax is 6.41% and 5.19% respectively. That is to say, in the structure of tax wedge, the social security payment of enterprises accounts for as high as 62.36% (individual payment is 20.79%, individual tax is 16.85%). Such a large tax wedge, with Of course, enterprises can evade fees "justifiably". Employees don’t get benefits, and they don’t have a sense of gain. Of course, they are willing to "cooperate" with enterprises to evade fees. Therefore, it is an unspoken rule that employees and enterprises "evade" social security fees together, and it is the social security system that ultimately "suffers". This is the main reason why paying provident fund is more popular than paying social security fees.
　　
　　Fourth, the low-and middle-income borrowers of the provident fund account for 95%, which is especially popular in poor areas.One of the main reasons for advocating the abolition of provident fund is that the system is unfair and the poor subsidize the rich. Of the 2.53 million mortgages of 1 trillion yuan issued in 2018, 95% were low-and middle-income borrowers, and high-income earners only accounted for 5%. According to the 2018 Annual Report of the National Housing Provident Fund, the low-middle income here means that the income is 3 times lower than the average wage of the local society last year, and the high income means that the income is 3 times higher than the average wage of the local society last year (inclusive). Look at age and housing purchase: 76% of borrowers are under 40 years old, 89% buy a building area of less than 144 square meters, and the first set accounts for 85%. Obviously, the above data show that buyers are basically just in need, and the provident fund system really provides protection and support for low-and middle-income groups to buy houses.
　　
　　Let’s use the deposit base of several typical poverty-stricken areas in 2017 to see their attitudes and behaviors towards the provident fund (the data are all from their housing provident fund report released in official website): the deposit base of Dingxi in Gansu is 101% of its social average wage, Baise in Guangxi is 110% of its social average wage, and Zhangye in Gansu has the highest actual deposit base, which is 113% of its social average wage. This shows that the deposit base of employees in poverty-stricken areas is very "real", even exceeding the local social wage, because they have benefited.
　　
　　Fifth, the number of employees who have paid in is increasing, especially in private enterprises.Let’s look at the fairness between "within the system" and "outside the system". In real life, this pair of concepts can be understood in two ways. One means that institutions and state-owned enterprises are regarded as "within the system", while others are regarded as "outside the system". Among the 144 million paid-in employees, there are 44.52 million in government institutions and 29.28 million in state-owned enterprises, totaling 73.8 million, which shows that the number of paid-in employees in the "system" is basically in a "saturated" state; Another understanding is that "within the system" refers to the formal employment sector, "outside the system" refers to the informal employment sector, and the formal employment sector has broad and narrow meanings. With government agencies, institutions and state-owned enterprises basically saturated, private enterprises will become the main force to participate in the provident fund at present and in the future. For example, in 2018, there were 19.9 million new accounts opened in the provident fund, of which private enterprises accounted for 50% (9.94 million), which shows that the proportion of private enterprises will gradually increase in the process of expanding coverage in the future. In the formal employment group, it is unfair to employees who have not participated in the provident fund, but the expansion of coverage needs a process. The state has issued documents many times to expand the coverage of the provident fund, which requires the joint efforts of employers, employees and the whole society, and the coverage of social insurance has also gone through such a process. For example,The basic old-age insurance for employees of urban enterprises covered only 136 million people 20 years ago, and reached 967 million in 2019. However, if the provident fund is abolished, the employees who have not joined and those who have joined will lose their opportunities forever. As long as this system exists, opportunities will exist.
　　
　　Main problems and reform suggestions of housing provident fund system
　　
　　The Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Improvement of the Socialist Market Economic System in the New Era, which was just released on March 18th, 2020, pointed out: "Reform the housing provident fund system".
　　
　　The author believes that this is the most authoritative and latest tone of the central government on housing provident fund, and its attitude is very clear, that is "reform", not "cancellation", and I fully agree with it. Since the central government’s attitude is still clear, if we want to reform, we should first make clear what the problems are in the provident fund, and then discuss what the solution is, not whether to cancel it, but whether to reform it. There may be many problems with the provident fund, for example, whether older employees who have no need to buy houses have the right to quit, whether individual employees have the right to choose the proportion of contributions within the upper limit, and so on.
　　
　　However, there have been two biggest problems with the housing provident fund: First, the investment method is single and the rate of return is too low. For example, the value-added rate of return in 2018 is only 1.56%; The direct result of the low value-added rate of return is that the deposit interest paid by employees is too low, and the interest is only calculated at 1.5%. If calculated according to the market-oriented investment rate of return, the loss is huge. Take the balance of 802.3 billion yuan in 2018 as an example. If it is entrusted to the National Social Security Fund Council for investment and the rate of return is assumed to be 6%, the interest income this year will be as high as 28 billion. Therefore, after more than 20 years, the interest loss will be several hundred billion yuan. For individual employees, the interest rate of 1.5% is far from outperforming the inflation rate, and the risk of depreciation is very obvious. The funds deposited in the account are shrinking every year; The interest rate of 1.5% is at least 10 percentage points lower than the social average wage growth rate, resulting in "welfare loss" doubling every few years. In the past 22 years, the unit proportional payment is almost equivalent to "nothing". In the past 22 years, the wage growth rate and population growth rate have exceeded 14%, which is called "biological rate of return" and "internal rate of return" (we can roughly understand it as actual purchasing power). Minus the interest-bearing level of 1.5%, the annual "welfare loss" will be at least 12%. After 22 years, the welfare loss of employees will be astronomical.From the perspective of the whole society, this is a huge loss of social welfare and a "transfer" of social wealth. The second problem is that the surplus funds can’t be used in the whole country between the areas with low overall planning level and high loan ratio (for example, 99.5% in Tianjin) and the areas with low loan ratio (for example, 78% in Qinghai). From the perspective of the whole society, the low level of fund management and regional separatism reduce the efficiency of "mutual assistance" of surplus funds.
　　
　　In view of the above analysis, there are problems in the provident fund system, but we should not give up eating because of choking. We should solve the problems in the provident fund as soon as possible, and we should not turn a blind eye to them. Otherwise, we will be irresponsible to the paid employees. From a certain point of view, we will "fatten" the state-owned banks with low-priced and high-quality assets. Since some scholars have put forward a motion to cancel the provident fund, policy makers should act as soon as possible with a sense of urgency and a high sense of responsibility for the people’s interests, so as not to let a good livelihood system become a "soft rib" for a long time. In order to get rid of the above two main disadvantages, the author puts forward four reform ideas or four reform options.
　　
　　First, expand the function and optimize the structure without changing the nature of the current administrative institution of the housing provident fund center.This is an improved scheme, the easiest and most convenient scheme, and the existing system and mechanism will not be changed. The areas of "improvement" include: in the investment system, we can adopt the mode that the basic old-age insurance fund for urban workers entrusts the National Social Security Fund Council to invest, and the provinces sign contracts with the National Social Security Fund Council respectively and agree on specific matters such as investment return rate, and all the real investment income is distributed to the paid employees as interest. In terms of business scope, provident fund centers in first-and second-tier cities are allowed to use value-added income and other funds to directly invest in and hold rental housing, and support paid employees to solve housing problems through leasing; Expand the coverage of deposits to cover urban migrant workers and even freelancers; At the level of overall planning, it will be promoted to national overall planning, and the mutual integration of funds between cities will be strengthened. Deposited employees can continue to deposit in different places, extract and use in different places, and lend; Establish a new loan allocation mechanism in the use of extraction, tilt towards low-and middle-income groups, and increase support for rental housing; Improve the efficiency in the operation mechanism and simplify the procedures for extraction and use; Strengthen the publicity according to law in supervision and regularly disclose information.
　　
　　Second, the national housing provident fund management company, a policy-based non-bank financial institution with independent legal person, was reorganized and established (the idea of "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac" in the United States).The national housing provident fund management company issues bonds and securities in the capital market with national credit, expands the fund pool, and provides liquidity support and policy guarantee for ordinary people to use the housing provident fund; In terms of the use of funds, the National Housing Provident Fund Management Company does not directly issue loans, but supports the basic housing needs of paid employees by providing low-interest and long-term credit guarantees for paid employees. After being guaranteed by the provident fund management company, paid employees can choose any provident fund center and commercial bank to obtain loans. This method can promote the competition between provident fund centers and commercial banks, and improve the efficiency and service level of housing loans for paid employees. At the same time, the national housing provident fund management company provides funds for the provident fund centers and commercial banks by purchasing their mortgage assets in bulk. In the first-and second-tier cities with high housing prices, we will support the construction and operation of rental housing through loans or direct investment, and promote "both rent and purchase". Establish a national overall planning mechanism and a national housing provident fund fund fund management platform to realize national deposit and withdrawal and interbank lending; In terms of operation mechanism and supervision mechanism, it operates in the way of corporate governance structure of financial institutions and accepts supervision.
　　
　　Thirdly, the policy-oriented National Housing Bank was reorganized and established (the idea of China Postal Savings Bank).Based on the model of housing savings banks in developed countries, the national provident fund center will be reorganized into a unified national independent legal person financial institution, and the provincial and municipal provident fund centers will be reorganized into branches of the National Housing Bank, and bonds and securities will be issued in the capital market with national credit; Carry out policy-based housing savings business, establish a differential credit mechanism, and provide more favorable housing financial support to low-and middle-income groups, which can be deposited and connected in different places, and used and loaned in different places; Issue project loans to rental housing construction. In the operation mechanism, it operates according to the corporate governance structure of modern financial institutions, and establishes an incentive mechanism to promote efficiency and risk control; According to the regulatory mechanism of policy finance, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is responsible for the formulation and supervision of housing policy rules, while the central bank and the China Banking Regulatory Commission are responsible for the formulation and supervision of banking regulatory rules.
　　
　　Fourth, merge with enterprise annuity and integrate it into a comprehensive provident fund system (the idea of Singapore Central Provident Fund).Considering the aging trend, following the principle of life cycle, taking into account the capital needs of urban residents in housing and pension, a unified personal provident fund account will be established throughout the country. According to the housing and pension, two sub-accounts are set up. The housing account implements "low deposit and low loan", and the funds in the housing account can be extracted for renting or buying housing. When employees have no provident fund loans or housing consumption needs, the funds in the housing account are transferred to the pension account. Set up a policy-based non-bank financial institution to be responsible for the investment and operation of the comprehensive provident fund pool, and play the dual role of the current housing provident fund and enterprise annuity.
　　
　　(The author is a member of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and director of the World Social Security Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences)
　　
　　

On (import), we can see a sharper and more powerful sense of strength. The car style continues the family design concept, the front face is very strong, the headlights on both sides are sharp, and the internal light groups are patchy, and they are bright when lit. Looking sideways, the new car adopts the design of the side of the car body, which prolongs the visual effect of the car to a certain extent. The tail is both familiar and rich in layers, and the details of the source have become more slender after being redrawn.

As far as car interior is concerned, Audi A4 (imported) is more graceful. The flat-bottomed steering wheel is full of movement and has shift paddles, which is very fun to drive. The top of the center console is covered with a large area of soft material, which feels soft. The front row is also equipped with a dual-temperature automatic air conditioning control system to freely debug the most comfortable space atmosphere. The seat is spacious, and the seating space is acceptable, which meets the daily household needs.

The length, width and height are 4762×1847×1490mm respectively, and the wheelbase has reached 2819 mm. In the same class, the wheelbase of Audi A4 (imported) ranks 11th. This size exceeds most models in its class. The actual interior space performance is also very good. From the actual ride experience, the front and rear rows are relatively spacious. The sunroof of Audi A4 (imported) allroad quattro provides a wider field of vision, which can create a better visual environment and good sensitivity for the rear passengers and increase the light entrance for the whole vehicle. Audi A4 (imported) ranks 12th in the same price and class. The shape is very regular, and the storage volume is absolutely no problem for daily use.

Audi A4 (imported) is equipped with a combination of 2.0 turbocharged engine (mixed injection) and wet dual clutch (DCT). It will definitely bring unforgettable control charm. Ranked first among the 250,000-400,000 medium-sized car models.

Audi A4 (imported) has complete active/passive safety configuration, includingAutomatic parking、Zero tire pressure endurance tire、Automatic parking、Steep slope descent、hill start assist control、knee airbag、HUD head-up display、Anti-lock braking (ABS)、Braking force distribution (EBD/CBC, etc.)、Brake assist (EBA/BAS, etc.)、Traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.)、Active noise reduction、Engine start and stop、Side safety air curtain、Wireless charging of mobile phone、night vision system、LED daytime running lights、Forward reversing radar、Tire pressure monitoring、Steering wheel heating、Body stability control (ESP/DSC, etc.)、Rear reversing radar、Fatigue reminder、Remote parking、Child seat interface、Lane keeping (LKAS)Equal configuration.

Among them,Automatic parkingYou can avoid stepping on the brakes for a long time or needing to pull frequently;Steep slope descentCan safely pass through steep slope road conditions at low speed;knee airbagReduce the injury of the car interior to the occupant’s knees in the secondary collision.

In addition to the above description, we can also go to the Easy Car Forum to browse more real car feedback from actual buyers, or use our experience.

　　The annual Tomb-Sweeping Day is coming. Do you plan to go back to your hometown to visit graves and pay homage to your ancestors? Go for a walk to sweep graves, burn paper money, set off firecrackers, and eat green mugs … … It has always been a tradition in Tomb-Sweeping Day, China to offer sacrifices to the dead and mourn for the living. In foreign countries, many countries also have such a special day, with a variety of festivals and ceremonies, to pin their grief on the deceased relatives and friends and martyrs. So, when is the "Tomb-Sweeping Day" abroad? In what ways will they commemorate their ancestors and express their thoughts? Let’s take a look at the best "Tomb-Sweeping Day" abroad!

　　The most patriotic "Tomb-Sweeping Day": the United States, Israelis and Tanzanians.

　　American "fallen soldier’s day" shows people’s love for their country.

　　Memorial Day in the United States is to mourn the American soldiers killed in various wars. It was designated as a national holiday by the federal government in 1971, and the date is the last Monday in May. At first, people only paid homage to all the war victims on the "Memorial Day", and later it gradually evolved into a general family to pay homage to their deceased relatives.

　　Memorial Day is not only an important festival to show patriotism to Americans, but also represents the official start of summer among the people. Many beaches, amusement parks, summer ferries on small islands, etc. will start to operate from the weekend of that week. Due to the three-day holiday in a row, many Americans went to the suburbs for a barbecue, went to the seaside to have fun or visited museums, etc., resulting in serious traffic congestion.

　　Israel: mourning for a series of national anniversaries

　　On April 15th, 2015, Israel held an annual memorial ceremony for the victims of the Holocaust at Yad Wehim Holocaust Memorial Hall in Jerusalem.

　　The Israeli people continuously commemorate the Holocaust Remembrance Day, the Martyrs’ Remembrance Day and Israel’s National Independence Day around May of the Gregorian calendar every year. The anniversary of the Israeli Holocaust is determined according to the Jewish calendar, and it varies from year to year according to the AD calendar.

　　As the Palestinian-Israeli conflict continues, causing great casualties to Israel, these seemingly official festivals are actually directly connected with the feelings of thousands of families in Israel. Whenever these days come, Israelis will come to the graves of their relatives with flowers and candles in their hands, and use the unique customs of the Jewish nation — — Put stones symbolizing eternity on the tombstones of relatives to express their inner grief. Many tombstones are laid flat, so that there can be a larger area on the tombstones to carry the stones entrusted by relatives and friends.

　　Tanzania: "Mourning Festival" mourns the martyrs of the War of Independence.

　　Tanzania is one of the cradles of ancient humans. In the 7th-8th century, Arabs and Persians moved into this area, and in the 19th century, colonial forces from Germany and Britain invaded one after another. In order to strive for independence, the Tanzanian people waged a heroic struggle with the colonists. In 1961, Tanganyika declared independence, in December 1963, Zanzibar declared independence, and in 1964, the two formed a United Republic, which was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania in October of the same year.

　　In order to mourn the martyrs who died for their country in the War of Independence, the Tanzanian people designated September 2nd every year as "Mourning Day". On this day, people voluntarily go to the cemetery to offer flowers and sweep the graves. National leaders also visit the Martyrs Cemetery to pay homage, and some people also offer wreaths in front of the monument in Independence Square to express their grief for the martyrs.

　　The most environmentally friendly "Tomb-Sweeping Day": Singaporean and Russian.

　　Russia: Painting eggs in front of the tomb with fake flowers instead of real receptacle mourning

　　Every year from the end of April to the beginning of May, Russians visit the graves of their deceased relatives with their families. This festival is Russia’s Day of Remembrance of the Dead. The name of Memorial Day in Russian is "Radonica", which literally shows no sadness. According to Russian linguists’ research, the name comes from the words "birth" and "happiness". This festival is specially arranged after Easter, so that people should not be sad for the loss of their loved ones, but should be glad for them to rest in another world.

　　On the Day of Remembrance of the Dead, Russians will visit the graves of their deceased relatives and pay homage to them. According to the traditional custom, they will offer eggs painted with colorful patterns in front of the tomb, which is said to pray for the blessing of the dead. In addition, they will also provide food such as sweet milk cake, pie and fruit soup, and plant flowers and plants around the cemetery. After the memorial service, the whole family will have a simple dinner in front of the tomb. Everyone will drink a glass of vodka, but they can’t touch glasses or talk when drinking. Devout Orthodox believers go to the church to light candles for the deceased before going to the cemetery, pray for the soul of the deceased to rest in peace, and collect holy water and sprinkle it in front of the cemetery. Today, some details of the memorial ceremony have changed. For example, in the past, Russians placed flowers in front of cemeteries, but now they use more and more beautifully made fake flowers. On the one hand, fake flowers can last longer, and on the other hand, fake flowers are relatively cheaper than real flowers.

　　Singapore: government-customized incineration barrels are easy to clean.

　　Compared with Tomb-Sweeping Day, Chinese Singaporeans pay more attention to the "Mid-Yuan Festival" on July 15th of the lunar calendar every year. Legend has it that all ghosts were released in the underworld on that day, and people generally carried out activities of offering sacrifices to ghosts. In order not to affect hygiene and facilitate cleaning, Singapore’s incineration barrels are customized by the government and placed in front of the house every July for people to burn paper.

　　There is also a special performance in the Chinese-speaking areas of Singapore to entertain ghosts, which the local Fujian people call "July Song Tai" or "Song Tai" for short. Generally speaking, a singing stage is set up on an open space, decorated with audio equipment and lighting, and rows of chairs are placed in the audience, while the chairs in the first row are usually vacant and reserved for "good brothers" (ghosts). Stage performances are usually arranged at night, including humorous short plays, magic, strong songs and dances, etc., and performances are held throughout the seventh month of the lunar calendar.

　　The happiest "Tomb-Sweeping Day": Philippine, Mexican.

　　Philippines: Set up tents and sing K-style family gatherings.

　　On November 1, 2008, in a cemetery in Manila, the capital of the Philippines, a boy was cleaning up the tombstones of his relatives.

　　Filipinos usually sweep graves for their deceased relatives on Halloween and All Souls’ Day every autumn. They will set up tents in cemeteries for the night and hold various entertainment activities to remember their loved ones in a happy atmosphere. Halloween and All Souls’ Day are the most popular days of the year in the Philippines. On the day before Halloween, the grave keeper will clean the cemetery and the surrounding roads to welcome grave sweepers. On Halloween, many people rushed to the cemetery and set up tents for the night.

　　When sweeping graves, Filipinos will not only offer flowers and sacrifices to their deceased relatives, but also prepare food and various entertainment activities for themselves. At the graves of relatives, some people pray, some cook, some play poker, some play guitar, and some even sing karaoke, as if they were holding a lively family gathering. A Philippine media commented that Halloween and All Souls’ Day are not only festivals for the dead, but also festivals for the living.

　　Mexico: Celebration to welcome the dead home is included in the intangible heritage.

　　Mexico’s Day of the Dead is divided into two days. Every year, November 1st is the "Young Spirit Day" to pay homage to the dead children, and November 2nd is the "Soul Festival" to pay tribute to the dead adults. At this time, Mexicans will set up altars at home, filled with flowers, candy, decorations, etc., to welcome their deceased relatives home, or set up banquets in cemeteries, play music and wait for celebrations all night. Mexican aborigines believe that death is not a sad thing, but should welcome the dead home with songs and dances and colorful celebrations.

　　The Day of the Dead originated from the ancient Mexican indigenous Indian culture. After the Spanish came to the New World in the 16th century, the Western Catholic Halloween was combined with the ancient Indian tradition of offering sacrifices to the dead, thus gradually forming today’s Day of the Dead. In 2003, UNESCO listed Mexico Day for the Dead as an intangible cultural heritage. Although Mexico’s "Day of the Dead" is similar to other western countries, it essentially inherits the Indian tradition and shows Indian cultural characteristics, as well as their unique humor and ideas about life and death. In their view, death is not the end of life. The dead will go to another happy world and enjoy the beginning of a new life.

　　The most religious "Tomb-Sweeping Day": Cambodian and Polish.

　　Cambodia: It is an important activity to go to the temple to sacrifice the dead.

　　Buddhism is the main religion in Cambodia, so the "Tomb-Sweeping Day" in Cambodia is also very religious. The Day of the Dead, held from October 1 to 15 in the Buddhist calendar every year, is the most solemn festival in Cambodia, with the theme of remembering the dead and worshiping the ancestors. The content of the Day of the Dead is very rich. Every family will go out for an outing, have a picnic, visit relatives and friends while paying homage to their ancestors, and various activities will be held in various places, such as buffalo race, wrestling competition, stick performance and so on.

　　Sacrifice in the temple is the most important activity of the Day of the Dead. At that time, every household should bring sacrifices and go to the temple to worship, and almost all Buddhist temples, big or small, will be full. If possible, they will take food to Buddhist temples every day, and some people can even go to three or four Buddhist temples to give alms in one morning; If there are no conditions, you can only go to one or two Buddhist temples once or twice in 15 days, but you must go. According to the Khmer national tradition, the more Buddhist temples you go to, the more merits you accumulate.

　　Poland: Mass to pray for the dead

　　November 2nd every year is a traditional festival for Poles to remember the dead, which is called Day of the Dead, and it follows Halloween on November 1st. Today, in Poland, the memorial activities for the dead are mainly concentrated on November 1. On this day, people go to the cemetery to sweep graves, and the elderly light candles symbolizing the immortality of the deceased, so that children can offer them sacrifices to educate future generations not to forget their ancestors. They will also display bouquets, baskets or other decorations to commemorate their old friends.

　　According to the traditional explanation of Poland, the Day of the Dead began to spread in the 12th century, and it was not accepted by people all over the country until the end of 15th century. Besides sweeping graves, Poles also go to mass and pray for the dead. (Text Image Source: Xinhuanet, Overseas Network Editor: Tian Ming, Intern Li Xia)